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05 25 2015 Heritage Committee Agendai'aj+d I�rritctgr. �tixritiu�+ ��rr6rfrr Page The Township of Oro-Medonte Heritage Committee Agenda Robinson Room Monday, May 25, 2015 6:00 p.m. Page 1 of 100 1. Adoption of Agenda: a) Motion to Adopt the Agenda. 2. Disclosure of Pecuniary Interest: 3. Adoption of Minutes of Previous Meeting: 2 - 6 a) Minutes of the Heritage Committee meeting held on Monday, April 20, 2015. 4. Deputations: None. 5. Communications: 7 - 8 a) Correspondence from The Honourable Shelly Glover, Minister of Canadian Heritage and Official Languages, received April 28, 2015, re: Canada 150 Fund. 9-84 b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates Ltd., re: Stage 1, 2 and 3 Archaeological Assessments Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation. 85-90 c) Correspondence from Craig Sims, Heritage Building Consultant, dated April 29, 2015re: Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Preliminary Report. 91 -92 d) Craig Sims, Heritage Building Consultant, re: Proposal for Services — Design Services for the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church. 93 e) Shawn Binns, Director, Development Services, re: Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Sign Proof. 94-100 f) Report No. RC2015-05, Shawn Binns, Director, Recreation and Community Services, re: Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Restoration Project Update [To be distributed at the meeting]. 6. Next Meeting Date: To be determined. 7. Adjournment: a) Motion to Adjourn. Page 1 of 100 3.a) Minutes of the Heritage Committee meeting held on Monda... d ft­ss� NNW ,.. Torg raship of Proud HeritiTe, Exciting Future Monday, April 20, 2015 The Township of Oro-Medonte Heritage Committee Meeting Minutes Robinson Room Present: Councillor Scott Jermey, Chair Mayor H.S. Hughes Dorothy Moore Lynda Whiston, left at 7:07 p.m. Regrets: Trudy O'Donnell Time: 6:03 p.m. Councillor John Crawford, Vice -Chair Ruth Fountain Kayla Thibeault Staff: Roz Llewellyn, Coordinator, Community Recreation; Marie Brissette, Coordinator, Corporate Services Also Present: Janie Cooper Wilson, Don Ross 1. Adoption of Agenda: a) Motion to Adopt the Agenda. Motion No. HC150420-1 Moved by Fountain, Seconded by Thibeault It is recommended that the agenda for the Heritage Committee meeting of Monday, April 20, 2015 be received and adopted. Carried. 2. Disclosure of Pecuniary Interest: None disclosed. 3. Adoption of Minutes of Previous Meeting: a) Minutes of the Heritage Committee meeting held on Monday, March 9, 2015. Motion No. HC150420-2 Moved by Moore, Seconded by Fountain It is recommended that the draft minutes of the Heritage Committee meeting held on Monday, March 9, 2015 be received and adopted as printed and circulated. Carried. Page 1 of 5 Page 2 of 100 3.a) Minutes of the Heritage Committee meeting held on Monda... Heritage Committee Minutes — Monday, April 20, 2015. 4. Deputations: None. 5. Communications: a) Update from the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Building Task Force. Motion No. HC150420-3 Moved by Thibeault, Seconded by Moore It is recommended that the verbal information presented by Mayor H.S. Hughes, Councillor Jermey and Roz Llewellyn, Coordinator, Community Recreation Coordinator, re: Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Building be received. Carried. b) Update from the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Fundraising and Celebration Task Force. Motion No. HC150420-4 Moved by Fountain, Seconded by Whiston It is recommended that verbal information presented by Mayor H.S. Hughes, Councillor Jermey and Roz Llewellyn, Coordinator, Community Recreation Coordinator, re: Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Fundraising and Celebration be received. Carried. Page 2 of 5 Page 3 of 100 3.a) Minutes of the Heritage Committee meeting held on Monda... Heritage Committee Minutes — Monday, April 20, 2015. c) Roz Llewellyn, Coordinator, Community Recreation, correspondence dated February 17, 2015 from Don Ross, Founder and Chair, Orillia Museum of Art and History re: Celebration of the 400th Anniversary of Samuel de Champlain in Oro-Medonte Re- instating a Commemorative Plaque (from Heritage Committee Meeting on Monday, March 9, 2015). Motion No. HC150420-5 Moved by Moore, Seconded by Fountain It is recommended That the correspondence dated February 17, 2015 and information presented by Don Ross, Founder and Chair, Orillia Museum of Art and History re: Celebration of the 400th Anniversary of Samuel de Champlain in Oro-Medonte Re -instating a Commemorative Plaque (from Heritage Committee Meeting on Monday, March 9, 2015) be received. And Whereas Council of the Township of Oro-Medonte, at its March 25, 2015 Council meeting, passed Motion No. C150325-8 which reads: 1. That Council of the Township of Oro-Medonte apply to the Ontario Heritage Trust to erect a Commemorative Plaque for the Celebration of the 400th Anniversary of Samuel de Champlain. 2. And That the Orillia Chamber of Commerce be advised of Council's application and request that the Orillia Chamber of Commerce provide letters of support for the Township's and Orillia Museum of Art and History's application." And Whereas upon investigation to apply, each applicant is to contribute a minimum of $5,000 to their project in addition to providing in-kind support. And Whereas Council has recently adopted the Township's 2015 budget which does not include an allocation towards a commemorative plaque. Now therefore be it resolved that the Heritage Committee recommends to Council that, based on the additional financial information received, that the Province be petitioned to re- instate the plaque as originally commissioned and installed by the Province. And that the applicable parties be advised, under the Mayor's signature. Carried. Page 3 of 5 Page 4 of 100 3.a) Minutes of the Heritage Committee meeting held on Monda... Heritage Committee Minutes — Monday, April 20, 2015. d) Mayor H.S. Hughes, re: Thompson House. Motion No. HC150420-6 Moved by Thibeault, Seconded by Moore It is recommended 1. That the verbal information presented by Mayor H.S. Hughes and Councillor Jermey, re: Thompson House be received. Carried. e) Correspondence received April 1, 2015, re: Springwater Heritage Committee Presents: One Room School Houses, June 23, 2015, Township of Springwater Administration Centre, 2231 Nursery Road, Minesing, 6:30 p.m. Motion No. HC150420-7 Moved by Thibeault, Seconded by Fountain It is recommended that the correspondence received April 1, 2015, re: Springwater Heritage Committee Presents: One Room School Houses, June 23, 2015, Township of Springwater Administration Centre, 2231 Nursery Road, Minesing, 6:30 p.m. be received. Carried. f) The Quarterly Newsletter of the Simcoe County Historical Association, Vol. 43, No. 1, Spring 2015. Motion No. HC150420-8 Moved by Moore, Seconded by Fountain It is recommended that The Quarterly Newsletter of the Simcoe County Historical Association, Vol. 43, No. 1, Spring 2015 be received. Carried. Page 4 of 5 Page 5 of 100 3.a) Minutes of the Heritage Committee meeting held on Monda... Heritage Committee Minutes — Monday, April 20, 2015. g) The Quarterly Publication of the Community Heritage Ontario News, Winter 2015. Motion No. HC150420-9 Moved by Thibeault, Seconded by Moore It recommended that The Quarterly Publication of the Community Heritage Ontario News, Winter 2015 be received. 6. Next Meeting Date: Monday, May 25, 2015 at 6:00 p.m. 7. Adjournment: a) Motion to Adjourn. Motion No. HC150420-10 Moved by Moore, Seconded by Fountain It is recommended that we do now adjourn at 7:34 p.m. Carried. Carried. Councillor Jermey, Chair Marie Brissette, Coordinator, Corporate Services Page 5 of 5 Page 6 of 100 5.a) Correspondence from The Honourable Shelly Glover, Minis... �n Minister of Canadian Heritage: + Ministre du Patrimoine canadien and Official Languages l ¢ fax et des Langues officielles Ottawa, Canada K1 OM5 Dear Sir/Madam, Since 2012, our Government has been building momentum toward the 1501h anniversary of Confederation with the theme Strong. Proud. Free. We continue to commemorate historic nation -building anniversaries and individuals such as the Bicentennial of the War of 1812, the 10O1h and 75`h anniversaries of the First and Second World Wars, the 501h anniversary of the National Flag of Canada, the Fathers of Confederation, Sir John A. MacDonald and Samuel de Champlain. On the Road to 2017, we are building knowledge and understanding of our history and the remarkable story of this country. Our Government is now launching the Canada 150 Fund, a funding initiative that aims to promote Canadian values, culture and history, generate national pride and bring citizens together to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Confederation in 2017. The primary focus of the Canada 150 Fund is to support initiatives that will be delivered during the 150th anniversary period in 2017, with special consideration given to initiatives that will both build momentum in the period leading up to the anniversary and have on-going impacts in 2017 and beyond. The Canada 150 Fund is open to a wide variety of Canadian organizations, including not-for-profit organizations, business corporations (for non-commercial projects), schools and municipalities and their agencies. The Canada 150 Fund will support activities that: Encourage participants to give back to Canada through gifts or time and energy, in ways that leave a lasting legacy; Provide Canadians with opportunities to actively participate and/or celebrate together, promoting and building a deeper understanding of Canada, its people and what it means to be Canadian; and Recognize and promote exceptional Canadian people, places, achievements and events that continue to shape our country. .../2 Canada Page 7 of 100 5.a) Correspondence from The Honourable Shelly Glover, Minis... -2- Eligible projects under the community -driven activities include: • Celebratory or commemorative activities and events; • Community -building activities and events; • Sport and active -living activities and events; • Exhibits, commemorative plaques, monuments and permanent installations; • Site dedication ceremonies, interpretive programming and tours; • Documentary films, learning materials and activities; • Theatrical or musical performance; and • Large-scale artwork contests and projects. A limited number of high -impact, large-scale projects that are national in scope will be supported through the Canada 150 Fund as Signature Initiatives. Projects may be considered as candidates to be Signature Initiatives if they are: • Specifically designed to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Confederation; • National in scope and reach; • Unique and innovative; and • Participation -oriented. For more information about the Canada 150 Fund, including information on obtaining the Applicant's Guide and application form, please consult the Government of Canada website at www.canadal50.gc.ca. Please accept my best wishes. Sincerely, S940� The Honourable Shelly Glover, P.C., M.P. Page 8 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... A\�EArchaeological Research Associates Ltd. DRAFT 154 Otonabee Drive, Kitchener, ON N2C 1 L6 Tel: (519) 804-2291 Fax: (519) 286-0493 248 Ruby St., Midland, ON L4R 21-4 Tel: (705) 526-9518 Fax: (705) 526-4541 Stage 1, 2 and 3 Archaeological Assessments Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation Parts 1-2, Plan 51R-33396 and Part 1, Plan 51R-38358 1645 Line 3 North, Township of Oro-Medonte Part of Lot 11, Concession 4 Geographic Township of Oro Simcoe County, Ontario Prepared for The Township of Oro-Medonte 148 Line 7 South Oro-Medonte, ON LOL 2E0 Tel: (705) 487-2171 The Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport By Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. 154 Otonabee Drive Kitchener, ON N2C 1 L7 Tel: (519) 804-2291 Fax: (519) 286-0493 Licenced under P.J. Racher, M.A., CAHP MTCS Licence #P007 Project #P007-0665 and #P007-0666 PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 01/05/2015 Original Report Page 9 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Under a contract awarded in June 2014, Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. carried out Stage 1, 2 and 3 archaeological assessments of lands with the potential to be impacted by the proposed relocation of the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church from Part 1, Plan 51R- 33396 to Part 1, Plan 51R-38358 in the Township of Oro-Medonte, Simcoe County, Ontario. The cemetery investigation was conducted to determine whether the associated Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery (Site No. 03853) extended south or east of the fenced area (the assumed cemetery limits) on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396. The assumed core of the cemetery was not assessed (0.18 ha); this area is owned by the Township of Oro-Medonte and has been excluded from the proposed development. The assessments were triggered by the requirements set out in Section 2.6 of the Provincial Policy Statement, 2014 (MMAH 2014) and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, S.O. 2002, Chapter 33. This report documents the background research and fieldwork involved in the assessments, and presents conclusions and recommendations pertaining to archaeological concerns within the project lands. The Stage 1 and 2 assessments were conducted concurrently in August and September 2014 under licence #P007, PIF #P007-0665-2014. The Stage 3 assessment (cemetery investigation) was conducted in September 2014 under licence #P007, PIF #P007-0666-2014. At the time of assessment, the study area comprised the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church, a maintained lawn, a wooded area fenced on the south and east, and adjacent agricultural lands. Legal permission to enter and conduct all necessary fieldwork activities within the assessed lands was granted by the property owner. The Stage 1 assessment determined that the study area comprised a mixture of areas of archaeological potential and areas of no archaeological potential. The Stage 2 assessment of the identified areas of archaeological potential did not result in the discovery of any archaeological materials or human remains. In order to determine whether the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery extended south or east of the fenced area (the assumed cemetery limits) on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396, a Stage 3 cemetery investigation was conducted. Specifically, an area of 1,193 sq. in was mechanically excavated and examined for deeply -buried cultural features (i.e., grave shafts). The Stage 1, 2 and 3 assessments did not result in the identification of any archaeological materials or human remains. Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. confirms that the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery does not extend south or east of the fenced area (the assumed cemetery limits) on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396 and recommends that Part 2, Plan 51R-33396 and Part 1, Plan 51R-38358 require no further assessment. Although the dismantling of the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396 for relocation to Part 1, Plan 51R-38358 can proceed without concern, an additional Stage 3 site- specific assessment (cemetery investigation) is recommended within the fenced area on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396 if any future ground disturbing impacts are proposed so that the limits of the cemetery can be accurately identified. A Letter of Review and Entry into the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports is requested, as provided for in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 10 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS V PERSONNEL V 1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT 1 1.1 Development Context 1 1.2 Historical Context 2 1.2.1 Pre -Contact 2 1.2.1.1 Palaeo-Indian Period 2 1.2.1.2 Archaic Period 2 1.2.1.3 Early and Middle Woodland Periods 3 1.2.1.4 Late Woodland Period 4 1.2.2 Early Contact 6 1.2.2.1 European Explorers 6 1.2.2.2 Trading Contacts and Conflict 6 1.2.2.3 Five Nations Invasion 7 1.2.2.4 Anishinabeg Influx 8 1.2.2.5 Relations and Ambitions 9 1.2.3 The Euro -Canadian Era 10 1.2.3.1 British Colonialism 10 1.2.3.2 Simcoe County 12 1.2.3.3 Township of Oro 14 1.2.3.4 Study Area 16 1.2.4 Summary of Past and Present Land Use 19 1.2.5 Additional Background Information 19 1.3 Archaeological Context 20 1.3.1 Previous Archaeological Work 20 1.3.2 Summary of Registered or Known Archaeological Sites 20 1.3.3 Natural Environment 20 1.3.4 Archaeological Fieldwork and Property Conditions 22 2.0 STAGE 1 BACKGROUND STUDY 23 2.1 Summary 23 2.2 Field Methods (Property Inspection) 23 2.3 Analysis and Conclusions 24 3.0 STAGE 2 PROPERTY ASSESSMENT 26 3.1 Field Methods 26 3.2 Record of Finds 28 May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007--0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 11 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation iii 3.3 Analysis and Conclusions 28 4.0 STAGE 3 CEMETERY INVESTIGATION 29 4.1 Field Methods 29 4.2 Record of Finds 30 4.2.1 Overview 30 4.2.2 Soil Composition and Stratigraphy 30 4.2.3 Cultural Features 30 4.2.4 Artifact Assemblage 30 4.2.5 Settlement and Site Function Patterns 31 4.2.6 Inventory of the Documentary Record 31 4.3 Analysis and Conclusions 31 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 32 6.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION 33 7.0 IMAGES 34 8.0 MAPS 44 9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES 63 LIST OF IMAGES Image 1: Area of No Archaeological Potential — Disturbed 34 Image 2: Field Conditions 34 Image 3: Pedestrian Survey at an Interval of < 5 m 35 Image 4: Pedestrian Survey at an Interval of < 5 m 35 Image 5: Test Pit Survey at an Interval of < 5 m 36 Image 6: Test Pit Survey at an Interval of < 5 m 36 Image 7: Test Pit Survey at an Interval of < 5 m 37 Image 8: Typical Test Pit 37 Image 9: Typical Test Pit 38 Image 10: Screening Soil through 6 mm Mesh 38 Image 11: Screening Soil through 6 mm Mesh 39 Image 12: Combination Survey to Confirm Disturbance 39 Image 13: Disturbed Test Pit 40 Image 14: Combination Survey to Confirm Disturbance 40 Image 15: Disturbed Test Pit 41 Image 16: Mechanical Excavation 41 Image 17: Mechanical Excavation 42 Image 18: Mechanical Excavation 42 Image 19: Mechanical Excavation 43 Image 20: Shovel Shining 43 May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 12 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation iv LIST OF MAPS 17 Map 1: Location of the Study Area in the Province of Ontario 44 Map 2: Location of the Study Area in the Township of Oro-Medonte 45 Map 3: Map of Middle Woodland Period Complexes 46 Map 4: Pre -Contact Iroquoian Site Clusters 46 Map 5: Detail from S. de Champlain's Carte de la Nouvelle France (1632) 47 Map 6: Detail from N. Sanson's Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France (1656) 47 Map 7: Detail from H. Popple's A Map of the British Empire in America (173 3) 48 Map 8: Detail from J.B. D'Anville's Canada Louisiane et Terres Angloises (1755) 48 Map 9: Detail from R. Bonne's Partie de l'Amerique Septentrionale (1783) 49 Map 10: Land Purchases in Simcoe County 49 Map 11: Detail from D.W. Smyth's A Map of the Province of Upper Canada (1800) 50 Map 12: Detail from J. Purdy's A Map of Cabotia (1814) 50 Map 13: Detail from J. Arrowsmith's Upper Canada (1837) 51 Map 14: Detail from J. Bouchette's Map of the Provinces of Canada (1846) 51 Map 15: Detail from G.W. Colton's Canada West (1856) 52 Map 16: Detail from W. & A.K. Johnston's Dominion of Canada (1912) 52 Map 17: Simcoe County from W.J. Gage and Co.'s Gage's County Atlas (18 86) 53 Map 18: The Township of Oro from H. Belden & Co.'s Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada: Simcoe Supplement (1881) 54 Map 19: Patent Plan with Notations (ca. 1844), Showing the Study Area 55 Map 20: The Township of Oro from H. Belden & Co.'s Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada: Simcoe Supplement (1881), Showing the Study Area 56 Map 21: Historic Aerial Imagery (1954), Showing the Study Area 57 Map 22: GPR Survey — Depth Slice 37-110 cm 58 Map 23: GPR Survey — Depth Slice 110-185 cm 59 Map 24: GPR Survey — Interpretation 60 Map 25: Assessment Results — Overview of Field Methods and Image Locations 61 Map 26: Assessment Results — Inset View of Field Methods and Image Locations 62 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Land Transactions Summary 17 Table 2: Registered or Known Archaeological Sites within I km 20 Table 3: Summary of Utilized Field Methods 27 Table 4: GPS Co-ordinates for Fixed Reference Landmarks 28 Table 5: Inventory of the Documentary Record — Stage 2 28 Table 6: GPS Co-ordinates for Datum Points 29 Table 7: Inventory of the Documentary Record — Stage 3 31 May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 13 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation v LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A: Property Survey Plan GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS ARA —Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. CHVI — Cultural Heritage Value or Interest MTC — (Former) Ministry of Tourism and Culture MTCS — Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport PIF — Project Information Form SD — Supplementary Documentation PERSONNEL Project Director: P.J. Racher, M.A., CAHP (#P007) Operations Manager: C.E. Gohm (#R187) Deliverables Manager: C.J. Gohm, M.A. Assistant Project Manager: V. Cafik (#R437) Stage 1-2 Field Director: P. Epler (#R418) Stage 1-2 Assistant Field Director: T. Taylor Stage 1-2 Additional Field Crewmember: R. Tobicoe Stage 3 Field Directors: P. Epler, P.J. Racher Stage 3 Assistant Field Director: J. Haxell (#P1 35) Stage 3 Additional Field Crewmember: T. Taylor GPS Technician: J. Haxell Historical Researchers: S. Clarke (#R446), C.J. Gohm Cartographer: K. Brightwell, P.G. (GIS) (#R341) Technical Writers: V. Cafik, S. Clarke, C.J. Gohm, J. McDermid 70 May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 14 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 1 1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT 1.1 Development Context Under a contract awarded in June 2014, ARA carried out Stage 1, 2 and 3 archaeological assessments of lands with the potential to be impacted by the proposed relocation of the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church from Part 1, Plan 51R-33396 to Part 1, Plan 51R-38358 in the Township of Oro-Medonte, Simcoe County, Ontario. The cemetery investigation was conducted to determine whether the associated Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery (Site No. 03853) extended south or east of the fenced area (the assumed cemetery limits) on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396 (see Appendix A). The assumed core of the cemetery was not assessed (0.18 ha); this area is owned by the Township of Oro-Medonte and has been excluded from the proposed development. The assessments were triggered by the requirements set out in Section 2.6 of the Provincial Policy Statement, 2014 (MMAH 2014) and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, S.O. 2002, Chapter 33. This report documents the background research and fieldwork involved in the assessments, and presents conclusions and recommendations pertaining to archaeological concerns within the project lands. The subject study area consisted of a rectangular 2.37 ha parcel of land located in the west - central part of the Township of Oro-Medonte on Parts 1-2, Plan 51R-33396 and Part 1, Plan 51R-38358 (see Map 1—Map 2). This parcel is bounded by Old Barrie Road West to the northwest, a hedgerow to the northeast, agricultural land to the southeast and Line 3 North to the southwest. At the time of assessment, the study area comprised the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church (1645 Line 3 North), a commemorative stone cairn from 1947, a maintained lawn, a wooded area fenced on the south and east, and adjacent agricultural lands. In legal terms, the study area falls on part of Lot 11, Concession 4 in the Geographic Township of Oro (Simcoe County). The church and cemetery property (Part 1, Plan 51R-33396) was formally recognized as a National Historic Site of Canada in November 2000 (CHP 2015). The Stage 1 and 2 assessments were conducted concurrently in August and September 2014 under licence #P007, PIF 4P007-0665-2014. In compliance with the objectives set out in Section 1.0 and Section 2.0 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:13-41), these investigations were carried out in order to: • Provide information concerning the study area's geography, history and current land condition; • Determine the presence of known archaeological sites in the study area; • Evaluate in detail the study area's archaeological potential; • Empirically document all archaeological resources on the property; • Determine whether the property contains resources requiring further assessment; and • Recommend appropriate Stage 3 assessment strategies for identified archaeological sites. The Stage 3 assessment (cemetery investigation) was conducted in September 2014 under licence #P007, PIF #P007-0666-2014. In accordance with the direction set out in Section 2.2 Guideline 4 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:40), this investigation was completed to determine whether the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery extended south or east of the fenced area May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 15 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 2 (the assumed cemetery limits) on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396. Specifically, an area of 1,193 sq. in was mechanically excavated and examined for deeply -buried cultural features (i.e., grave shafts). The assessments were conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. 0.18. Legal permission to enter and conduct all necessary fieldwork activities within the assessed lands was granted by the property owner. All notes, photographs and records pertaining to the project are stored at ARA's processing facility located at 154 Otonabee Drive, Kitchener. The MTCS is asked to review the results and recommendations presented in this report and provide their endorsement through a Letter of Review and Entry into the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports. 1.2 Historical Context After a century of archaeological work in southern Ontario, scholarly understanding of the historic usage of lands in Simcoe County has become very well-developed. What follows is a detailed summary of the archaeological cultures that have settled in the vicinity of the study area over the past 11,000 years; from the earliest Palaeo-Indian hunters to the most recent Euro -Canadian farmers. 1.2.1 Pre -Contact 1.2.1.1 Palaeo-Indian Period The first documented evidence of occupation in southern Ontario dates to around 9000 BC, after the retreat of the Wisconsinan glaciers and the formation of Lake Algonquin, Early Lake Erie and Early Lake Ontario (Karrow and Warner 1990; Jackson et al. 2000:416-419). At that time small Palaeo-Indian bands moved into the region, leading mobile lives based on the communal hunting of large game and the collection of plant -based food resources (Ellis and Deller 1990:38; MCL 1997:34). Current understanding suggests that Palaeo-Indian peoples ranged over very wide territories in order to live sustainably in a post -glacial environment with low biotic productivity. This environment changed considerably during this period, developing from a sub- arctic spruce forest to a boreal forest dominated by pine (Ellis and Deller 1990:52-54, 60). An Early Palaeo-Indian period (ca. 9000-8400 BC) and a Late Palaeo-Indian period (ca. 8400- 7500 BC) are discernable amongst the lithic spear and dart points. Early points are characterized by grooves or `flutes' near the base while the later examples lack such fluting. All types would have been used to hunt caribou and other `big game'. Archaeological sites from both time -periods typically served as small campsites or `way -stations' (occasionally with hearths or fire -pits), where tool manufacture/maintenance and hide processing would have taken place. For the most part, these sites tend to be small (less than 200 sq. m) and ephemeral (Ellis and Deller 1990:51-52, 60-62). Many parts of the Palaeo-Indian lifeway remain unknown. 1.2.1.2 Archaic Period Beginning in the early 8th millennium BC, the biotic productivity of the environment began to increase as the climate warmed and southern Ontario was colonized by deciduous forests. This caused the fauna of the area to change as well, and ancient peoples developed new forms of tools May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF AP007-0665-2014 and 9P007-0666-2014 Page 16 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 3 and alternate hunting practices to better exploit both animal and plant -based food sources. These new archaeological cultures are referred to as `Archaic'. Thousands of years of gradual change in stone tool styles allows for the recognition of Early (7500-6000 BC), Middle (6000-2500 BC) and Late Archaic periods (2500-900 BC) (MCL 1997:34). The Early and Middle Archaic periods are characterized by substantial increases in the number of archaeological sites and a growing diversity amongst stone tool types and exploited raw materials. Notable changes in Archaic assemblages include a shift to notched or stemmed projectile points, a growing prominence of net -sinkers (notched pebbles) and an increased reliance on artifacts like bone fish hooks and harpoons. In addition to these smaller items, archaeologists also begin to find evidence of more massive wood working tools such as ground stone axes and chisels (Ellis et al. 1990:65-67). Towards the end of the Middle Archaic (ca. 3500 BC), the archaeological evidence suggests that populations were 1) increasing in size, 2) paying more attention to ritual activities, 3) engaging in long distance exchange (e.g. in items such as copper) and 4) becoming less mobile (Ellis et al. 1990:93; MCL 1997:34). Late Archaic peoples typically made use of shoreline/riverine sites located in rich environmental zones during the spring, summer and early fall, and moved further inland to deer hunting and fruit -gathering sites during late fall and winter (Ellis et al. 1990:114). During the Late Archaic these developments continued, and new types of projectile points appeared along with the first true cemeteries. Excavations of burials from this time -frame indicate that human remains were often cremated and interred with numerous grave goods, including items such as projectile points, stone tools, red ochre, materials for fire -making kits, copper beads, bracelets, beaver incisors, and bear maxilla masks (Ellis et al. 1990:115-117). Interestingly, these true cemeteries may have been established in an attempt to solidify territorial claims, linking a given band or collection of bands to a specific geographic location. From the tools unearthed at Archaic period sites it is clear that these people had an encyclopaedic understanding of the environment that they inhabited. The number and density of the sites that have been found suggest that the environment was exploited in a successful and sustainable way over a considerable period of time. The success of Archaic lifeways is attested to by clear evidence of steady population increases over time. Eventually, these increases set the stage for the final period of Pre -Contact occupation—the Woodland Period (Ellis et al. 1990:120). 1.2.1.3 Early and Middle Woodland Periods The beginning of the Woodland period is primarily distinguished from the earlier Archaic by the widespread appearance of pottery. Although this difference stands out prominently amongst the archaeological remains, it is widely believed that hunting and gathering remained the primary subsistence strategy throughout the Early Woodland period (900--400 BC) and well into the Middle Woodland period (400 BC AD 600). In addition to adopting ceramics, communities also grew in size during this period and participated in developed and widespread trade relations (Spence et al. 1990; MCL 1997:34). The first peoples to adopt ceramics in the vicinity of the study area are associated with the Meadowood archaeological culture. This culture is characterized by distinctive Meadowood May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 17 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 4 preforms, side -notched Meadowood points and Vinette 1 ceramics (thick and crude handmade pottery with cord -marked decoration). Meadowood peoples are believed to have been organized in bands of roughly 35 people, and some of the best documented sites are fall camps geared towards the hunting of deer and the gathering of nuts (Spence et al. 1990:128-137). Ceramic traditions continued to develop during the subsequent Middle Woodland period, and three distinct archaeological cultures emerged in southern Ontario: `Point Peninsula' north and northeast of Lake Ontario, `Couture' near Lake St. Clair and `Saugeen' in the rest of southwestern Ontario (see Map 3). These cultures all shared a similar method of decorating pottery, using either dentate or pseudo -scallop shell stamp impressions, but they differed in terms of preferred vessel shape, zones of decoration and surface finish (Spence et al. 1990:142-43). The Point Peninsula complex (400 BC—AD 900) extended through south-central and eastern Ontario, southern Quebec, western and northern New York and north-western Vermont. It is characterized mainly by small camp sites and seasonal village sites that would have been repeatedly used over the years. Point Peninsula material culture is characterized by the use of Vinette 2 ceramics (coil -built pottery with dentate or pseudo -scallop decoration), a wide variety of chipped stone tools, and influences from northern Ontario and the Hopewell area to the south (Spence et al. 1990:157-158). Hopewellian influence, for example, can be seen in the continued use of burial mounds (e.g. the Serpent Mounds near Peterborough) until ca. AD 400 (Wright 1972:44-51). During the Middle to Late Woodland transition (AD 600-900), the first rudimentary evidence of maize (corn) horticulture appears in southern Ontario. Based on the available archaeological evidence, which comes primarily from the vicinity of the Grand and Credit Rivers, this pivotal development was not particularly widespread (Fox 1990:171, Figure 6.1). The adoption of maize horticulture instead appears to be linked to the emergence of the Princess Point complex, whose material remains include decorated ceramics (combining cord roughening, impressed lines and punctuate designs), triangular projectile points, T based drills, steatite and ceramic pipes, and ground stone chisels and adzes (Fox 1990:174-188). The distinctive artifacts and horticultural practices of Princess Point peoples have led to the suggestion that they were directly ancestral to the later Iroquoian -speaking populations of southern Ontario (Warrick 2000:427). These artifacts have not been found in the vicinity of the study area, however, suggesting that a gradual transition between Point Peninsula and Early Iroquoian lifeways took place here instead. 1.2.1.4 Late Woodland Period In the Late Woodland period (ca. AD 900-1600), the practice of maize horticulture spread beyond the western end of Lake Ontario, allowing for population increases which in turn led to larger settlement sizes, higher settlement density and increased social complexity among the peoples involved. These developments are believed to be linked to the spread of Iroquoian - speaking populations in the area; ancestors of the historically -documented Huron, Neutral and Haudenosaunee Nations. Other parts of southern Ontario, including the Georgian Bay littoral, the Bruce Peninsula and the vicinity of Lake St. Clair, were inhabited by Algonkian-speaking peoples, who were much less agriculturally -oriented. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 18 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 5 Late Woodland archaeological remains from the greater vicinity of the study area show three major stages of cultural development prior to European contact: `Early Iroquoian', `Middle Iroquoian' and `Late Iroquoian' (Dodd et al. 1990; Lennox and Fitzgerald 1990; Williamson 1990). Early Iroquoians (AD 900-1300) lived in small villages (ca. 0.4 ha) of between 75 and 200 people, and each settlement consisted of four or five longhouses up to 15 m in length. The houses contained central hearths and pits for storing maize (which made up 20-30% of their diet), and the people produced distinctive pottery with decorative incised rims (Warrick 2000:434-438). The best documented Early Iroquoian culture in the local area is the Glen Meyer complex, which is characterized by well -made and thin-walled pottery, ceramic pipes, gaming discs, and a variety of stone, bone, shell and copper artifacts (Williamson 1990:295-304). Over the next century (AD 1300-1400), Middle Iroquoian culture became dominant in southwestern Ontario, and distinct `Uren' and `Middleport' stages of development have been identified. Both houses and villages dramatically increased in size during this time: longhouses grew to as much as 33 in in length, settlements expanded to 1.2 ha in size and village populations swelled to as many as 600 people. Middle Iroquoian villages were also better planned, suggesting emerging clan organization, and most seem to have been occupied for perhaps 30 years prior to abandonment (Dodd et al. 1990:356-359; Warrick 2000:439-446). During the Late Iroquoian period (AD 1400-1600), the phase just prior to widespread European contact, it becomes possible to differentiate between the archaeologically -represented groups that would become the Huron, Petun and the Neutral Nations. The study area itself falls within the territory of the Huron, who, in general, appear to have been very similar to the Petun (see Map 4). In the opinion of many scholars, the Huron and Petun likely belonged to the same cultural tradition prior to the 17th century (Ramsden 1990:361). In essence, they can effectively be discussed as one nation—the Huron/Petun. Prior to European contact, Huron/Petun material culture is characterized by globular -shaped ceramic vessels, ceramic pipes, bone/antler awls and beads, ground stone celts and adzes, chipped stone tools, and even rare copper objects (Ramsden 1990:363-373). The Huron/Petun lived in large villages, often with palisades, and also made use of temporary hunting and fishing camps, cabin sites and small hamlets (Ramsden 1990:373-378). The best documented Huron/Petun sites between Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe include the Penetang Cluster and the Auger, Ball, Baumann, Warminster, Sopher and Dougall sites (Ramsden 1990:Figure 11.1). The end of the Late Woodland period can be conveniently linked to the arrival and spread of European fur traders in southern Ontario, and a terminus of AD 1600 effectively serves to demarcate some substantial changes in Aboriginal material culture. Prior to the establishment of the fur trade, items of European manufacture are extremely rare at Huron/Petun sites, save for small quantities of reused metal scrap. With the onset of the fur trade ca. AD 1580, European trade goods such as kettles, iron axes and knives, and glass beads become much more plentiful. Interestingly, a general deterioration in the quality of these metal goods is discernable over time, which may have been related to European cost-cutting efforts (Ramsden 1990:373). May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 19 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 1.2.2 Early Contact 1.2.2.1 European Explorers The first European to venture into what would become southern Ontario was Etienne Brule, who was sent by Samuel de Champlain in the summer of 1610 to accomplish three goals: 1) to consolidate an emerging friendship between the French and the First Nations, 2) to learn their languages, and 3) to better understand their unfamiliar customs. Other Europeans would subsequently be sent by the French to train as interpreters. These men became coureurs de Bois, "living Indian -style ... on the margins of French society" (Gervais 2004:182). Such `woodsmen' played an essential role in all later communications with the First Nations. Champlain himself made two trips to Ontario: in 1613, he journeyed up the Ottawa River searching for the North Sea, and in 1615/1616, he travelled up the Mattawa River and descended to Lake Nipissing and Lake Huron to explore Huronia (Gervais 2004:182-185). He learned about many First Nations groups during his travels, including prominent Iroquoian -speaking peoples such as the Wendat (Huron), Petun (Tobacco) and `la nation neutre' (the Neutrals), and a variety of Algonkian-speaking Anishinabeg bands. Champlain's Carte de la Nouvelle France (1632) encapsulates his accumulated knowledge of the area (see Map 5). Although the distribution of the Great Lakes is clearly an abstraction in this early map, important details concerning the terminal Late Woodland occupation of southern Ontario are discernable. Numerous Aboriginal groups are identified throughout the area, for example, and Huron lands are shown in the vicinity of Lake Simcoe. The absence of Huron sites along Lac St. Louis (Lake Ontario) reflects a settlement pattern shift towards Huronia that began in the early 17th century (Ramsden 1990:383). 1.2.2.2 Trading Contacts and Conflict The first half of the 17th century saw a marked increase in trading contacts between the First Nations and European colonists, especially in southern Ontario. For the Huron in particular, this time was marked by intensive contact with French explorers and missionaries. The Jesuits established their first permanent mission among the Huron in 1634, and in 1639, under the guidance of Father Jerome Lalemant, Sainte -Marie was built as a central mission to the Huron (Heidenreich 1990:487). This fenced community, situated on the eastern bank of the Wye River, consisted of barracks, a church, workshops, residences, and a sheltered area for Aboriginal visitors. By 1648, 66 Frenchmen had come to reside at Sainte -Marie (SMATH 2015). Initially, the missionaries from Sainte -Marie were assigned as parish priests to the major Huron villages in the area, but as the Jesuits grew more numerous, non -Huron groups were similarly engaged (Heidenreich 1990:487). During this period, pottery and pipe styles became more homogeneous amongst the Huron, and many of their lithic and bone tools began to be replaced by imported European items (Ramsden 1990:383). Nicholas Sanson's Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France (1656) provides an excellent representation of southern Ontario at this time of heightened contact. Here the lands of the Huron Nation are clearly labelled, and the settlement shift from Lake Ontario to the vicinity of Huronia and May 2015 PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. Page 20 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 7 Lake Simcoe is apparent (see Map 6). Unfortunately, the increased contact between the First Nations and the Europeans had the disastrous consequence of introducing foreign diseases into many communities. Over the course of the 17th century, these diseases progressed from localized outbreaks to much more widespread epidemics (MCL 1997:35; Warrick 2000:457). 1.2.2.3 Five Nations Invasion The importance of European trading contacts eventually led to increasing factionalism and tension between the First Nations, and different groups began to vie for control of the lucrative fur trade (itself a subject of competition between the French and British). In what would become Ontario, the Huron, the Petun, and their Anishinabeg trading partners allied themselves with the French. In what would become New York, the League of the Haudenosaunee (the Five Nations Iroquois at that time) allied themselves with the British. The latter alliance may have stemmed from Champlain's involvement in Anishinabeg and Huron attacks against Iroquoian strongholds in 1609 and 1615, which engendered enmity against the French (Lajeunesse 1960:xxix). Interposed between the belligerents, the members of the Neutral Nation refused to become involved in the conflict. Numerous military engagements occurred between the two opposing groups during the first half of the 17th century, as competition over territories rich in fur -bearing animals increased. These tensions boiled over in the middle of the 17th century, leading to full-scale regional warfare (MNCFN 2010:5). In a situation likely exacerbated by epidemics brought by the Europeans and the decimation of their population, a party of roughly 1,000 Mohawk and Seneca warriors set upon Huronia in March 1649. The Iroquois desired to remove the Huron Nation altogether, as they were a significant obstacle to controlling the northern fur trade (Hunt 1940:91-92). The Huron met their defeat in towns such as Saint Ignace and Saint Louis (Sainte -Marie was abandoned and burned by the Jesuits in the spring of 1649). Those that were not killed were either adopted in the Five Nations as captives or dispersed to neighbouring regions and groups (Ramsden 1990:384). The Petun shared a similar fate, and the remnants of the affected groups formed new communities outside of the disputed area, settling in Quebec (modern-day Wendake), in the area of Michilimackinac and near Lake St. Clair (where they were known as the Wyandot). Anishinabeg populations from southern Ontario, including the Ojibway, Odawa and Pottawatomi, fled westward to escape the Iroquois (Schmalz 1977:2). The Neutral were targeted in 1650 and 1651, and the Iroquois took multiple frontier villages (one with over 1,600 men) and numerous captives (Coyne 1895:18). The advance of the Iroquois led to demise of the Neutral Nation as a distinct cultural entity (Lennox and Fitzgerald 1990:456). For the next four decades, southern Ontario remained an underpopulated wilderness (Coyne 1895:20). This rich hunting ground was exploited by the Haudenosaunee to secure furs for trade with the Dutch and the English, and settlements were established along the north shore of Lake Ontario at places like Teiaiagon on the Humber River and Ganatswekwyagon on the Rouge River (Williamson 2008:51). The Haudenosaunee are also known to have traded with the northern Anishinabeg during the second half of the 17th century (Smith 1987:19). May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and 4P007-0666-2014 Page 21 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation Due to their mutually violent history, the Haudenosaunee did not permit French explorers and missionaries to travel directly into southern Ontario for much of the 17th century. Instead, they had to journey up the Ottawa River to Lake Nipissing and then paddle down the French River into Georgian Bay (Lajeunesse 1960:xxix). New France was consequently slow to develop in southern Ontario, at least until the fall of several Iroquoian strongholds in 1666 and the opening of the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario route to the interior (Lajeunesse 1960:xxxii). 1.2.2.4 Anishinabeg Influx The fortunes of the Five Nations began to change in the 1690s, as disease and casualties from battles with the French took a toll on the formerly -robust group (Smith 1987:19). On July 19, 1701, the Haudenosaunee ceded lands in southern Ontario to King William III with the provision that they could still hunt freely in their former territory (Coyne 1895:28). However, this agreement appears to have lacked any sort of binding formality. According to the traditions of the Algonkian-speaking Anishinabeg, Ojibway, Odawa and Potawatomi bands began to mount an organized counter -offensive against the Iroquois in the late 17th century (MNCFN 2010:5). Around the turn of the 18th century, the Anishinabeg of the Great Lakes expanded into Haudenosaunee lands, and attempted to trade directly with the French and the English (Smith 1987:19). This led to a series of battles between the opposing groups, in which the Anishinabeg were more successful (Coyne 1895:28). Haudenosaunee populations subsequently withdrew into New York State, and Anishinabeg bands established themselves in southern Ontario. Many of these bands were mistakenly grouped together by the immigrating Europeans under the generalized designations of `Chippewa/ Ojibway' and `Mississauga'. `Mississauga', for example, quickly became a term applied to many Algonkian-speaking groups around Lake Erie and Lake Ontario (Smith 1987:19), despite the fact that the Mississaugas were but one part of the larger Ojibway Nation (MNCFN 2010:3). The Anishinabeg are known to have taken advantage of the competition between the English and French over the fur trade, and they were consequently well -supplied with European goods. The Mississaugas, for example, traded primarily with the French and received "everything from buttons, shirts, ribbons to combs, knives, looking glasses, and axes" (Smith 1987:22). The British, on the other hand, were well -rooted in New York State and enjoyed mutually beneficial relations with the Haudenosaunee. As part of this influx, many members of the Algonkian-speaking Ojibway, Potawatomi and Odawa First Nations came back to Lake Huron littoral. Collectively, these people came to be known as the Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory (also Saugeen Ojibway Nation). These Algonkian-speakers established themselves in the Bruce Peninsula, all of Bruce and Grey Counties, and parts of Huron, Dufferin, Wellington, and Simcoe Counties (Schmalz 1977:233). Throughout the 1700s and into the 1800s, Anishinabeg populations hunted, fished, gardened and camped along the rivers, floodplains and forests of southern Ontario (Warrick 2005:2). However, their `footprint' was exceedingly light, and associated archaeological sites are both rare and difficult to detect. Historical records often play a pivotal role in reconstructing Anishinabeg May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 22 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... ,Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 9 lifeways during the timeframe, as the first European colonists often wrote about the locations of Aboriginal camps and hunting grounds. As an example, a French `survey' of the Aboriginal population in the vicinity of Lake Simcoe conducted in 1736 indicates that Matchedash Bay was a principal area of Ojibway settlement, a situation that would not have been apparent based on excavated evidence alone (Innisfil Library 2012). Historical maps from the 18th century likewise shed valuable light on the contemporary cultural landscape. H. Popple's A Map of the British Empire in America (1733), for example, does not show any prominent settlements in the vicinity of the study area, which is a result of the ephemeral environmental impact of the mobile Ojibway (see Map 7). Interestingly, this map also depicts the `Toronto' and `Tanaovate'waterways, which are widely held to represent the Severn and Humber Rivers, respectively. J.B. D'Anville's Canada Louisiane et Terres Angloises (175 5) shows the approximate location of the ruin of Sainte -Marie, and proclaims that it was `destroyed by the Iroquois' over a century after the event (see Map 8). 1.2.2.5 Relations and Ambitions The late 17th and early 18th centuries bore witness to the continued growth and spread of the fur trade across all of what would become the Province of Ontario. The French, for example, established and maintained trading posts along the Upper Great Lakes, offering enticements to attract fur traders from the First Nations. Even further north, Britain's Hudson Bay Company dominated the fur trade. Violence was common between the two parties, and peace was only achieved with the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 (Ray 2014). Developments such as these resulted in an ever-increasing level of contact between European traders and local Aboriginal communities. As the number of European men living in Ontario increased, so too did the frequency of their relations with Aboriginal women. Male employees and former employees of French and British companies began to establish families with these women, a process which resulted in the ethnogenesis of a distinct Aboriginal people: the Metis. Comprised of the descendants of those born from such relations (and subsequent intermarriage), the Metis emerged as a distinct Aboriginal people during the 1700s (MNO 2015). Metis settlements developed along freighting waterways and watersheds, and were tightly linked to the spread and growth of the fur trade. These settlements were part of larger regional communities, connected by "the highly mobile lifestyle of the Metis, the fur trade network, seasonal rounds, extensive kinship connections and a shared collective history and identity" (MNO 2015). In 1754, hostilities over trade and the territorial ambitions of the French and the British led to the Seven Years' War (often called the French and Indian War in North America), in which many Anishinabeg bands fought on behalf of the French. After the French surrender in 1760, these bands adapted their trading relationships accordingly, and formed a new alliance with the British (Smith 1987:22). In addition to cementing British control over the Province of Quebec, the Crown's victory over the French also proved pivotal in catalyzing the Euro -Canadian settlement process. The resulting population influx caused the demographics of many areas to change considerably. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 23 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 10 R. Bonne's Partie de l'Amerique Septentrionale (1783) provides an excellent view of the ethnic landscape of southern Ontario prior to the widespread arrival of European settlers (see Map 9). This map depicts Fort Toronto on the north shore of Lake Ontario, for example, which was abandoned and burned by the French garrison during their retreat from the British in 1759 (Williamson 2008:56). The remainder of what would become southern Ontario appears to have been largely untouched by British colonialism at this time. 1.2.3 The Euro -Canadian Era 1.2.3.1 British Colonialism With the establishment of absolute British control came a new era of land acquisition and organized settlement. In the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which followed the Treaty of Paris, the British government recognized the title of the First Nations to the land they occupied. In essence, the `right of soil' had to be purchased by the Crown prior to European settlement (Lajeunesse 1960:cix). Numerous treaties and land surrenders were accordingly arranged by the Crown, and great swaths of territory were acquired from the Ojibway and other First Nations. These first purchases established a pattern "for the subsequent extinction of Indian title" (Gentilcore and Head 1984:78). The first land purchases in Ontario took place along the shores of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, as well as in the immediate `back country'. Such acquisitions began in August 1764, when a strip of land along the Niagara River was surrendered by Six Nations, Chippewa and Mississauga chiefs (NRC 2010). Although many similar territories were purchased by the Crown in subsequent years, it was only with the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) that the British began to feel a pressing need for additional land. In the aftermath of the conflict, waves of United Empire Loyalists came to settle in the Province of Quebec, driving the Crown to seek out property for those who had been displaced. This influx had the devastating side effect of sparking the slow death of the fur trade, which was a primary source of income for many First Nations groups. By the mid -1780s, the British recognized the need to 1) secure a military communication route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron other than the vulnerable passage through Niagara, Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair; 2) acquire additional land for the United Empire Loyalists; and 3) modify the administrative structure of the Province of Quebec to accommodate future growth. The first two concerns were addressed through the negotiation of numerous `land surrenders' with Anishinabeg groups north and west of Lake Ontario, and the third concern was mitigated by the establishment of the first administrative districts in the Province of Quebec. The alternate military communication route was the Toronto Carrying Place, which was an important overland trade and transit route linking Lake Ontario to Georgian Bay. In August 1785, Deputy Surveyor General John Collins was sent to acquire the northern part of this trail from the Ojibway of Lac La Clie (Lake Simcoe), and he negotiated for the purchase of "one mile on each side of the foot path from the Narrows at Lake Simcoe to Matchedash Bay with three miles and a half square at each end of the road, as well as one mile on each side of the Severn River" (Surtees 1994:106). May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and 4P007-0666-2014 Page 24 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 11 The `Collins Purchase' was very problematic, however, as no copy of the actual treaty was ever found and the content of the agreement was based entirely on the accounts of Collins and his interpreter (see Map 10). No payment was made to the Ojibway, and Collins noted that "they left it to `their good father' to determine the amount to be paid" (Surtees 1994:106). Two years later, in September 1787, Collins would negotiate for the purchase of the southern part of the Toronto Carrying Place. This `Toronto Purchase' was also poorly documented, and had to be renegotiated in August 1805 (NRC 2010). On July 24, 1788, Sir Guy Carleton, Baron of Dorchester and Governor-General of British North America, divided the Province of Quebec into the administrative districts of Hesse, Nassau, Mecklenburg and Lunenburg (AO 2011). The vicinity of the study area fell within the Nassau District at this time, which consisted of a massive tract of land extending due north from the head of Bay of Quinte in the east and the tip of Long Point on Lake Erie in the west. According to early historians, "this division was purely conventional and nominal, as the country was sparsely inhabited ... the necessity for minute and accurate boundary lines had not become pressing" (Mulvany et al. 1885:13). Further change came in December 1791, when the Parliament of Great Britain's Constitutional Act created the Provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada from the former Province of Quebec. Colonel John Graves Simcoe was appointed as Lieutenant -Governor of Upper Canada, and he became responsible for governing the new province, directing its settlement and establishing a constitutional government modelled after that of Britain (Coyne 1895:33). Simcoe initiated several schemes to populate and protect the newly -created province, employing a settlement strategy that relied on the creation of shoreline communities with effective transportation links between them. These communities, inevitably, would be composed of lands obtained from the First Nations, and many more purchases were subsequently arranged. In July 1792, Simcoe divided the province into 19 counties consisting of previously -settled lands, new lands open for settlement and lands not yet acquired by the Crown. These new counties stretched from Essex in the west to Glengarry in the east. Three months later, in October 1792, an Act of Parliament was passed whereby the four districts established by Lord Dorchester were renamed as the Western, Home, Midland and Eastern Districts (AO 2011). The vicinity of the study area fell nominally within the boundaries of the Kent County at this time, which comprised all of the territory of Upper Canada that what not included in the other 18 counties (AO 2011). In essence, Kent was the largest county ever created, stretching from Lake Erie to Hudson's Bay (McGeorge 1939:36). This arrangement would not last, however, and the `northern' parts of Kent County would soon be removed to form separate counties. In 1793, Simcoe visited the Lake Simcoe area in order to discern the ideal location for a new naval harbour. He quickly settled on the site of Penetanguishene, and subsequently began planning for the fort that would secure British control over Georgian Bay and Lake Huron. During negotiations on May 19, 1795, the Chippewas agreed to relinquish the northern tip of the Penetanguishene Peninsula to the British (see Map 10), and the lands were formally acquired on May 22, 1798 (NRC 2010). The surrender was arranged by William Claus for a sum of May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 25 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 12 101 Quebec pounds, and the Ojibway assured Simcoe that the price included the lands discussed in the Collins Purchase (Hunter 1909a:12; Surtees 1994:107). 1.2.3.2 Simcoe County Shortly after the creation of Upper Canada, the original arrangement of the province's districts and counties was deemed inadequate. As population levels increased, smaller administrative bodies became desirable, resulting in the division of the largest units into more `manageable' component parts. The first major changes in the vicinity of the study area took place in 1798, when an Act of Parliament called for the realignment of the Home and Western Districts (AO 2011). Simcoe County came into existence at this time, although its status as a `county' existed only on paper for military and enlistment purposes (Hunter 1909a:16). The vicinity of the study area became part of Simcoe County in the Home District at this time. D.W. Smyth's A Map of the Province of Upper Canada (1800) and J. Purdy's A Map of Cabotia (1814) clearly show the layout of the earliest townships between Lake Ontario and Lake Simcoe, and demonstrates that the vicinity of the study area remained largely untouched by early British colonialism (see Map 11—Map 12). The only settlement indicated is the town plot for the military base at Penetanguishene. When the Euro -Canadian settlement process accelerated in the early 19th century, the Crown moved to acquire additional lands in Simcoe County. S.S. Wilmot was sent to explore the territory between Kempenfelt Bay and the Penetanguishene Peninsula in March 1808, and an `agreement to purchase' was made for a substantial tract of land in the same year. In 1811, Wilmot surveyed the Penetanguishene Road so that the Northwest Company could transport their furs from Lake Huron to the Town of York (Hunter 1909a:13). The treaty was not formally ratified until November 18, 1815, as the War of 1812 disrupted the Crown's plans. With the completion of the `Lake Simcoe Land Purchase' (see Map 10), the government acquired 101,250 ha in exchange for 4,000 Quebec pounds worth of goods (NRC 2010). The remainder of Simcoe County was formally obtained on October 17, 1818, when the `Lake Simcoe-Nottawasaga Purchase' was completed with the Ojibway (Hunter 1909a:12-15). This purchase, also arranged by William Claus, involved the acquisition of approximately 644,760 ha of land to the west of Lake Simcoe (see Map 10). Chief Yellowhead, the leader of the Ojibway delegates, agreed to sell this massive tract for an annuity.of 1,200 pounds of currency in goods, although there was no mention of how the annuity was to be distributed (NRC 2010). Unlike the earlier land purchases in the area, which were geared towards military or trade -related goals, the 1818 purchase was carried out for the purpose of acquiring lands for Euro -Canadian settlement (Innisfil Library 2012). These lands would eventually be divided amongst Simcoe, Grey, Wellington and Dufferin Counties. After the cession of this large tract of land, the government moved swiftly to establish townships for settlement (Hunter 1909a:39). By 1821, the majority of the surveys were complete, and the boundaries of Simcoe County were formally set out in an Act of Parliament (AO 2011). All of the lands were fully surveyed by the mid -1830s, at which time Simcoe County comprised 30 townships (see Map 13). May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 26 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 13 The first Euro -Canadian settlers in Simcoe County consisted of a band of six fugitive Scottish families from Lord Selkirk's Red River Settlement. In 1819, these families settled southwest of Bradford, in what was known as the Scotch Settlement. That same year, three Irish families settled near the Holland River, two families settled along the edge of the Township of Tecumseth, and one family settled at Big Bay Point. A dozen families also settled along the Penetanguishene Road in the Townships of Oro and Vespra in 1819. Other families homesteaded in Penetanguishene after the garrison was transferred from Nottawasaga in 1818. Growth in the area was slow, however, mainly due to a lack of good roads (Smith 1846:171). Settlers did not arrive quickly or in great numbers until 1831, when the Reform Bill riots in Britain caused many people to emigrate to more peaceful areas (Hunter 1909a:62-63). In the 1830s and early 1840s, the layout of what would become southern Ontario was significantly altered through the creation of the Huron, Brock, Wellington, Talbot and Simcoe Districts (AO 2011). An Act of Parliament provided for the issue of a Proclamation to declare Simcoe as a separate and distinct district in 1837 (Hunter 1909a:236). In that same year, the southwestern Townships of Proton, Melancthon, Luther and Amaranth were added to Waterloo County prior to the incorporation of the Wellington District. In 1838, the easternmost Townships of Rama, Mara and Thorah were ceded to York County (see Map 14). In February 1841, Simcoe became part of Canada West in the new United Province of Canada. The best -settled areas in the mid -19th century included West Gwillimbury and Tecumseth, and good farms were also established on the road from Barrie to Penetanguishene (Smith 1846:171). The District Town was Barrie, and other significant early villages developed at Bradford, Bond Head, Middleton, Penetanguishene, Orillia and Coldwater. Simcoe County boasted a population of 12,592 by 1842. A total of 18,079 ha were under cultivation at that time, and 10 grist mills and 23 saw mills were in operation. By 1844, the cultivated lands increased to 20,931 ha, and there were 12 grist mills and 29 saw mills in operation (Smith 1846:171). Following the abolition of the district system in 1849, the counties of Canada West were reconfigured once again. The boundaries of Simcoe County were redefined, and the western Townships of St. Vincent, Euphrasia, Artemesia, Collingwood and Osprey were transferred to the newly -formed Grey County in 1851 (see Map 15). Reasons behind this change were linked to the construction of the Ontario, Simcoe & Huron Union Railway (the `Northern Railway') between Toronto and Georgian Bay (approved by Acts of Parliament in 1849 and 1851). Simcoe agreed to take on a debt of 50,000 pounds for this project, which the distant Townships of St. Vincent, Collingwood, Euphrasia, Artemisia and Osprey strongly opposed (Hunter 1909a:163-165). Simcoe County acquired a large tract of land extending from the Severn River to the French River in 1851 following the completion of the `Robinson Purchase'. These lands would later be incorporated into the Muskoka and Parry Sound Districts, however (Hunter 1909a:243). Simcoe was reduced in size when the Townships of Mulmer and Mono were transferred to the newly -formed Dufferin County (see Map 16). The Act of Parliament to create Dufferin County was passed in 1874, and it was officially proclaimed in 1881 (AO 2011). Simcoe County came to consist of the Townships of Adjala, Tecumseth, West Gwillimbury, Tosorontio, Essa, Innisfil, Nottawasaga, Sunnidale, Flos, Vespra, Oro, Medonte, Tiny, Tay, South Orillia, North Orillia and Matchedash (see Map 17). May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and 9PO07-0666-2014 Page 27 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 14 1.2.3.3 Township of Oro In historic times, the Township of Oro was bordered by the Township of Medonte to the north, the Township of South Orillia to the east, Lake Simcoe and Kempenfeldt Bay to the south, and the Township of Vespra to the west. The land adjacent to the shoreline was generally poor and stony, and the timber comprised mainly pine. The interior of the township, on the other hand, possessed hardwood and higher quality soils (Smith 1846:135). Bass Lake is located in the northeastern part of the historic township, on the townline between Oro and Orillia. In the early 19th century, the threat of an American attack by way of Georgian Bay motivated the government to address potential military weaknesses in the area. As a defensive measure, S.S. Wilmot received instructions in 1811 "to survey a road of communication between Kempenfeldt Bay and Penetanguishene harbour, and lay off lots for settlement along the road" (Hunter 1909a:39). The lots along the Penetanguishene Road were 80.9 ha in size, and retired officers and soldiers were encouraged to settle along the route itself. Although Wilmot completed the survey of this part of the Township of Oro in 1811, the majority of settlers did not arrive in the area until after 1819. The remainder of the township was surveyed by J.G. Chewett in 1820 (Hunter 1909a:41). In 1819, over a dozen families settled along the Penetanguishene Road in the Townships of Oro and Vespra. These included the Browns, Bergins, Debenhams, Goughs, Harts, Hicklings, Joneses, Lawrences, Lucks, Mairs, Patridges, Watsons and Whites. Additional families arrived in 1820, settling to the north of the earlier arrivals. On the whole, however, the rate of settlement in the township was slow, and only a few areas were cleared prior to 1831 (Hunter 1909a:62). As early as 1819, the government also decided to develop a settlement for Loyalist black refugees in the western part of the Township of Oro (including escaped slaves, free men and veterans of the War of 1812). Lieutenant-Colonel Edward George O'Brien was commissioned to act as the government agent for the settlers, and he founded Shanty Bay along the shoreline (Hunter 1909b:134). The origin of the name Oro, derived from the Rio Del Oro (a river and settlement in modern-day Western Sahara, Africa), has been linked to this settlement process (Township of Oro 1987:2). While the black settlement of Oro was not the largest in Canada, it was one of the earliest communities of its kind. The settlers were located mainly along Wilberforce Street (Line 1 North), located east of the Penetanguishene Road along the west side of Concession 2 (Hunter 1909b:143-144). The Township of Oro was settled primarily by Highland and Lowland Scots, particularly in the upper parts of the township (Hunter 1909b:156). The northern part of the township, known as the `dry lots', was first settled by families from Islay, Argyleshire in the 1820s and 1830s. Although the forests were easy to clear, the soils were not particularly fertile and many settlers abandoned the area. Some of the earliest settlers here included the Bells, Campbells, Curries, Gilchrists, Galbraiths, McMillans and McPhies (Hunter 1909b:153-155). In 1828, at the direction of Lieutenant Governor Sir John Colborne, many retired British half -pay officers settled along the north shore of Lake Simcoe and Kempenfeldt Bay in the vicinity of Shanty Bay. Land was allotted to officers "according to a statutory schedule taking account of the length of time in the service and the quantity of land to which each class was entitled" May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 28 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 15 (Hunter 1909b:137-138). As mentioned above, however, Euro -Canadian pioneers did not settle the interior of the township until the 1830s. In 1831 and 1832, a considerable influx of settlers occurred, mainly due to the Reform Bill riots in Britain (Hunter 1909a:62). One notable early settler in the Township of Oro was Henry A. Clifford, who arrived from London, England in 1835 and occupied Lot 27, Concession 2. Clifford eventually moved to Dalston along the Penetanguishene Road, opened a store and served as the postmaster. Clifford owned as many as four farms in Oro, and he served as the Superintendent of Schools for Simcoe from 1846-1850 (Hunter 1909b:149-150). Another major road through the township was known as the `Ridge Road', which extended from the head of Kempenfeldt Bay to Shanty Bay. It was already in use prior to 1833, and provided access to the Penetanguishene Road for the first settlers along the shoreline (Hunter 1909a:93). This road was extended to the east in 1848, and became the main highway from Barrie to Orillia (now southeast of Highway 11). It followed an old Aboriginal trail, and several village sites along the ridge were known to the historic inhabitants of the township (Hunter 1909a:99). By the mid -19th century, approximately 12,690 ha had been taken up in Township of Oro, and 1,987 ha were under cultivation. The population of the township reached 1,190 in 1842 (Smith 1846:135). Prior to 1854, however, there was only one post office (located at `Oro'). This post office would later become the Rugby post office (Hunter 1909a:156). In the second half of the 19th century, the population of the Township of Oro remained fairly stable at approximately 4,000 people. In 1869 and 1870, work was conducted on an extension of the Northern Railway Line from Barrie to Orillia through the southern part of the Township of Oro (Township of Oro 1987:114-116). This railway was completed in November 1871, and it contributed directly to the development of the area (Hunter 1909a:207). In the late 19th century, prominent communities existed at Shanty Bay, Oro, Hawkestone, Guthrie, Crown Hill, Steele, East Oro, Rugby, Edgar, Dalston and Jarratt's Corner (see Map 18). The community of Edgar, located 1.1 km northeast of the study area roughly midway between Barrie and Orillia on the old stage route (Old Barrie Road West), was founded in 1832. The settlement was first known as Richardson's Corners, but was later renamed in honour of an early settler, John Edgar. John Smith operated a store and post office on the northwest corner in 1866, and Alex (Sandy) Miller opened a store and living quarters on the northeast corner in 1871 (the post office was moved to this new location). Other businesses and institutions soon followed, including a grist mill, a saw mill, a cheese factory, general stores, churches, a school, a temperance hall, a mechanics shop, a telegraph office and a doctor (Township of Oro 1987:227-232). The early 20th century bore witness to a significant drop in population levels in the township (to 2,000-3,000 inhabitants), but the population increased substantially during the second half of the 201h century (Township of Oro 1987:90-91). The modern Township of Oro-Medonte was formed in 1994 through the amalgamation of the former Townships of Oro and Medonte. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 29 of 100 5.1b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 16 1.2.3.4 Study Area As discussed in Section 1.1, the study area falls on part of Lot 11, Concession 4 in the Geographic Township of Oro. The lots in this part of the township were laid out in the early 19th century, and the vicinity of the study area was relatively well-settled for the bulk of the Euro -Canadian period. The primary feature within the study area was the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church at 1645 Line 3 North. In an attempt to reconstruct the historic land use of the study area, ARA examined two historical maps that documented past residents, structures (e.g., homes, businesses and public buildings) and features during the mid- and late 19th century. Specifically, a Patent Plan with notations (ca. 1844) at a scale of 40 chains to 1 inch and the Township of Oro from H. Belden & Co.'s Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada: Simcoe Supplement (188 1) at a scale of 100 chains to 1 inch were consulted. Georeferenced views of these historical maps, showing the study area, appear in Map 19—Map 20 (McGill University 2001; AO 2015). The Patent Plan indicates that the west half of Lot 11, Concession 4 was owned by Noah Morris, but no structures or other cultural features are depicted. This plan does reveal that most of the lots in the vicinity of the subject property were occupied in the early 19th century, although several Canada Company holdings are evident (AO 2015). The Illustrated Atlas (1881), on the other hand, indicates that the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church stood at the southeast corner of Old Barrie Road West and Line 3 North. Alexander Graham, a farmer born in Oro in 1847, maintained a homestead to the south on a 40 ha parcel. J.M. Lott owned the agricultural lands to the east and was both the proprietor of a grist mill and Deputy Reeve. Lott was born in the Township of Sidney, Hastings County in 1840 and settled in Oro in 1871. The community of Edgar and Lott's grist mill are shown further east along Line 4 North (McGill University 2001). ARA also consulted a historic aerial image from 1954 to gain a better understanding of the study area's more recent land use (see Map 21). The subject lands comprised the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church property and adjacent agricultural lands at this time. No other structural or land use details could be gleaned from the aerial photograph (University of Toronto 2009). As required by Section 3.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:46-47), ARA also consulted additional information sources associated with the subject part of Lot 11, Concession 4 in order to gain a better understanding of the historic land use and occupational history of the property. The principal transactions documented in the land registry records for 1645 Line 3 North are summarized in Table 1, which is followed by a full discussion of the results of the additional background research. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 30 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 17 Table 1: Land Transactions Summary Date Instrument Grantor Grantee Acreage Mar 18, 1840 Patent Crown Noah Morris West Half, 100 acres (40.5 ha) June 2, 1845 Mortgage Noah Morris George Lount West Half, 100 acres (40.5 ha Jan 14, 1846 Release George Lount Noah Morris Northwest Corner, 1 acre 0.4 ha Bargain and Trustees for Northwest Corner May 26, 1849 Sale Noah Morris Coloured Episcopal Methodist of West Half, 1 acre Church of Canada 0.4 ha) Apr 17, 1997 Transfer The Corporation of The Corporation of Northwest Corner of West Half, 1 acre the Township of Oro-Medonte the Township of Oro-Medonte (0.4 ha In March 1840, Noah Morris received the Crown Patent for the west half of Lot 11, Concession 4 in the historic Township of Oro. Morris was an African -Canadian who arrived in Oro in 1829 and settled on the lot later that year, although he did not receive the formal Patent until 1840 (Murdoch 2014:22). In May 1849, Morris legally sold 1 acre in the northwestern part of the property to the `Trustees for the Coloured Episcopal Methodist Church of Canada', but it appears that he arranged for the release of this parcel from the overall mortgage in January 1846 for use as a "chapel and burying ground" (Murdoch 2014:22-23). It has even been suggested that the cemetery could have been used by Morris and other early settlers (Murdoch 2014:23). No further land transactions are recorded for the property until 1997, when the Township of Oro-Medonte transferred the parcel to itself to "clarify title", arguing entitlement as it had maintained the property "since 1947" (Murdoch 2014:12). Additional lands surrounding the church and cemetery property were later purchased by the Township or Oro-Medonte to create a buffer around the parcel (Murdoch 2014:12). The history of the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church is well-documented, and its beginnings can be traced to the arrival of Reverend Ari Raymond from Boston in 1838 to minister to the local black settlement. Reverend Raymond obtained land on Lot 10, Concession 3 and had built a home by 1841, part of which functioned as a mission attended by five or six members. The structure burned in 1845 and everything was lost, but Raymond and his family built another home on the property in 1846 and held services in their kitchen (Township of Oro 1987:171-172). In 1848, Raymond helped organize the black community to build a log church on the 1 acre parcel acquired from Noah Morris in the northwest corner of Lot 11, Concession 4 (Township of Oro 1987:234). Based on the results of a recent heritage assessment, the building technology and materials were comparable to other log structures from the 1840s, and mud chinking was used between the logs. Weathering on the exterior indicated that the logs were exposed for one or two decades prior to being clad in clapboard the gable ends above the logs were clad in clapboard from the beginning (Murdoch 2014:26). Reverend Richard Sorrick was the first minister at the new church, and afterwards the services were run primarily by itinerant ministers. This church served about 40 families until ca. 1870, but as the black population began to wane, so too did the church's attendance (Township of Oro 1987:234). The abandonment of the church is more difficult to ascertain, and E.C. Drury indicated that regular services terminated in 1900 (Crawford 1999:58). However, there is a local May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 31 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 18 belief that the church was abandoned in the 1920s (Murdoch 2014:8). Yet another source indicates that three or four services were held each summer up until the late 1930s (Township of Oro 1987:234). The Township of Oro subsequently assumed responsibility for the property, and the building was renovated and involved in memorial ceremonies on numerous occasions (Township of Oro 1987:234-235; Crawford 1999:58-66; Murdoch et a. 2014:9, 14, 28-47). These events can be summarized as follows: • The roof was re -shingled and the chimney was relocated to the east gable in 1943; • A concrete foundation was placed under the church, the porch was repaired, sleepers were repaired, a new ceiling was added, seats were repaired/replaced, new windows were added, the siding was repaired and a stone cairn (engraved with the names of 24 families who worshiped and were buried on the property) was erected beside the church in 1947; • A fence was erected around the cemetery in 1948, and the brush was cleared from the front half of the lot; • The part of the cemetery facing Line 3 North was levelled by the Township of Oro in 1949, but the minutes report that "there are still some snags and roots of small trees showing up and they should be removed by the Township grader"; • A memorial service was held on August 14, 1949; • New imitation log siding was put on the outside walls and other repairs were made in 1956, and the old porch was taken away; • Another memorial service was held in August 1956, attended by many of the descendants of the African -Canadian settlers; • The roof was reinforced and shingled in 1979/1980, and the stone cairn was refurbished; • A memorial service was held in 1979; • Repairs to the north wall were completed in 1981 following the vehicular vandalism of the church; • The cairn was repaired in 1983; • A memorial service was held in 1985, and the Wilberforce Street plaque at the junction of Line 1 North and Ridge Road was dedicated; • A group of volunteers replaced the aged floor in 1987; • Memorial services were held in 1988, 1994 and 1996; • The stone cairn was restored in 2003, and replica benches were constructed; • The west entrance was damaged in a vehicular accident in 2004; • The siding was removed in December 2013 and the building was wrapped in protective Tyvek. The African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery reportedly surrounded the church to the south and east. However, since the grave markers were primarily made of wood and have decayed, the specific burial locations are unknown. The latest documented interments at the cemetery were for Daniel Eddington (`Eddie') and James Thompson. Eddington died on August 28, 1945, and his obituary notes that he was to be buried at the `African Cemetery, Edgar'. Thompson died on December 18, 1949 and was buried at the cemetery (Murdoch 2014:26). May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF AP007-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 32 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 19 Primary observations about the early cemetery come from an interview with Tom Partridge, who cut the grass on the property with a team of horses pulling a mower in the mid -1940s. Partridge reported that on one occasion he got too close to the cemetery (the treed area) and one of the horses' hooves broke into a wooden casket with human remains. The casket was only 1.5 feet (0.46 m) under the surface, and Partridge subsequently filled the hole with dirt. He did not cut the grass with the team in the cemetery because the graves were quite shallow. Partridge believed that there were no grave sites in the area that is now cut grass, and he reported that the area was used as a parking lot in 1952 for workers building the Edgar Radar Station. He did recall seeing approximately six white wooden crosses arranged in rows in the northern part of the treed area when he was a boy (Murdoch 2014:58). A report filed by the Special Committee on the Coloured Church and Cemetery in Oro Township in January 1947 reported that "in the cemetery there are about fifty graves without any markers" (Murdoch 2014:28). Over the course of restoration and maintenance in 1947, the committee arranged for the removal of dead wood and rubbish from the treed portion of the cemetery, a fence was erected in 1948, and the cleared part of the cemetery was mechanically levelled in 1949. In 1956, there were no signs of the wooden crosses which marked the graves in the east, and it had become a grove of trees (Murdoch 2014:28-34). The Oro-Medonte Historical Society retained multiVIEW Locates Inc. to conduct a geophysical survey to map the spatial positions of possible burial sites on the property. A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey of a 45 x 60 in area south and east of the church was conducted at a 5 in interval in October 2008 (see Map 22—Map 24). Numerous high reflectivity anomalies were defined that could infer the presence of interments, and two broad shallow zones of higher reflectivity in the northwest and southeast may indicate areas in which the shallow soils have been reworked (MLI 2008:3). 1.2.4 Summary of Past and Present Land Use During Pre -Contact and Early Contact times, the vicinity of the study area would have comprised a mixture of deciduous trees, coniferous trees and open areas. It seems clear that the First Nations managed the landscape to some degree, but the extent of such management is unknown. During the early 19th century, Euro -Canadian and African -Canadian settlers arrived in the area and began to clear the forests for agricultural purposes. Over the course of the Euro - Canadian era, this locality would have comprised primarily agricultural lands around the community of Edgar and the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church. At the time of assessment, the study area comprised the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church (1645 Line 3 North), a commemorative stone cairn from 1947, a maintained lawn, a wooded area fenced on the south and east, and adjacent agricultural lands. 1.2.5 Additional Background Information Given that no other archaeological assessment reports have been prepared for the project, and that no other assessments have been documented in the immediate area (see Section 1.3.1), additional relevant background information was not available to inform ARNs fieldwork strategies or recommendations (MTC 2011:125). May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 33 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 20 1.3 Archaeological Context 1.3.1 Previous Archaeological Work In order to determine whether any archaeological assessments had been previously conducted within the limits of, or immediately adjacent to the study area, ARA submitted an inquiry to the Archaeology Data Coordinator (MTCS 2014) and conducted extensive independent background research. As a result of these investigations, it was determined that there are no reports on record documenting past work within a 50 m radius. 1.3.2 Summary of Registered or Known Archaeological Sites An archival search was conducted using the MTCS's Ontario Archaeological Sites Database in order to determine the presence of any registered archaeological resources which might be located within a 1 km radius of the study area (MTCS 2014). The results of this search indicate that there is one previously -identified archaeological site within these limits. The excavation results from this site are summarized in Table 2. Table 2: Registered or Known Archaeological Sites within 1 km Borden No. Site Name Year(s) Assessed Cultural Affiliation Site Type Comments Hunter (1903:17): covered 9 or Hunter's 1966 10 acres on Lot 10, Concession 3, BcGv-2 Oro (Frank Late Woodland Village 4 or 5 refuse heaps, bone needles, Township Ridley) stone axes, carbonized gains of 17 corn, pottery, recommendation unknown. BcGv-2 is not located within or immediately adjacent to the study area. Regardless, the presence of one known village site in the vicinity of the study area demonstrates the desirability of this locality for early settlement and resource exploitation. 1.3.3 Natural Environment Environmental factors played a substantial role in shaping early land -use and site selection processes, particularly in small Pre -Contact societies with non-complex, subsistence -oriented economies. Euro -Canadian settlers also gravitated towards favourable environments, particularly those with agriculturally -suitable soils. In order to fully comprehend the archaeological context of the study area, the following four features of the local natural environment must be considered: 1) forests; 2) drainage systems; 3) physiography; and 4) soil types. The study area lies within the Great Lakes—St. Lawrence forest, which is a transitional zone between the southern deciduous forest and the northern boreal forest covering approximately 20,000,000 ha. This forest extends along the St. Lawrence River across central Ontario to Lake Huron and west of Lake Superior along the border with Minnesota, and its southern portion extends into the more populated areas of Ontario. This forest is dominated by hardwoods, featuring species such as maple, oak, yellow birch, white and red pine. Coniferous May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4P007-0665-2014 and 9P007-0666-2014 Page 34 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 21 trees such as white pine, red pine, hemlock and white cedar commonly mix with deciduous broad-leaved species, such as yellow birch, sugar and red maples, basswood and red oak. Much of the Great Lakes—St. Lawrence forest is unevenly aged, meaning that young and old trees can be found within the same group of trees (MNRF 2014). Only part of the original forest cover remains standing today, however, as early Euro -Canadian agriculturalists conducted large-scale clearing operations to prepare the land for cultivation. In Pre -Contact times, however, this dense forest would have been particularly bountiful. It is believed that the First Nations of the Great Lakes region exploited close to 500 plant species for food, beverages, food flavourings, medicines, smoking, building materials, fibres, dyes and basketry (Mason 1981:59-60). Furthermore, this diverse vegetation would have served as both home and food for a wide range of game animals, including white tailed deer, turkey, passenger pigeon, cottontail rabbit, elk, muskrat and beaver (Mason 1981:60). In terms of local drainage systems, the study area lies entirely within the Willow Creek subwatershed, which forms part of the Nottawasaga Valley watershed (NVCA 2015). The Nottawasaga Valley watershed has a total drainage area of about 3,700 km2 with jurisdiction in 18 municipalities, and is the source of watercourses that flow into Georgian Bay at Wasaga Beach, Collingwood and Severn Sound. Specifically, the study area is situated 150 m west of a tributary of Willow Creek, 405 m west of Willow Creek, 1.8 km west of the Hawkstone Wetland Complex Provincial Swamp, 8.1 km north of Little Lake and 11.5 km northwest of Lake Simcoe. Physiographically, the study area is located in the region known as the Simcoe Uplands, which consists of broad, rolling till plains separated by steep -sided valleys with flat floors. These plains and valleys are encircled by numerous shorelines, suggesting that they were islands in proglacial Lake Algonquin (Chapman and Putnam 1984:182-184). These physiographic elements have accumulated over limestone bedrock belonging to the Middle Ordovician Simcoe Group (Trenton -Black River) formation (Davidson 1989:42). The study area consist of Dundonald sandy loam (Ds) in the north and Vasey sandy loam — stony phase (Vasl-b) in the south. Dundonald sandy loam is a Grey -Brown Podzolic made up of outwash sand underlain by grey calcareous loam or sandy loam till with good drainage qualities. Vasey sandy loam — stony phase, on the other hand, is a Brown Podzolic and Grey -Brown Podzolic made up of light grey, calcareous and non -calcareous sandy loam till with good drainage qualities (Hoffman et al. 1962: Soil Map North Sheet). In summary, the study area possesses a number of environmental characteristics which would have made it attractive to both Pre -Contact and Euro -Canadian populations. The rich Great Lakes—St. Lawrence forest and the nearby water sources would have attracted a wide variety of game animals, and consequently, early hunters. The soils were relatively well -drained, and therefore ideal for the maize horticulture of Middle to Late Woodland peoples and the mixed agriculture practiced by later Euro -Canadian populations. The proximity of the study area to Willow Creek would also have influenced its settlement and land -use history in both Pre- and Post -Contact times, as such waterways typically served as a principal transportation routes and potable water sources. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 35 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 22 1.3.4 Archaeological Fieldwork and Property Conditions 1.3.4.1 Stage 1 and 2 Assessments The Stage 1 and 2 assessments were carried out concurrently on August 18 and September 12, 2014 under licence 4P007, PIF #P007-0665-2014. These assessments involved 1) the visual survey of all areas of no archaeological potential, 2) pedestrian survey and test pit survey in all identified areas of archaeological potential and 3) a combination of visual survey and test pit survey to confirm the extents of any disturbed areas identified during test pitting. Legal permission to enter and conduct all necessary fieldwork activities within the assessed lands was granted by the property owner. Key personnel involved during the Stage 1 and 2 assessments were PJ Racher, Project Director; C.E. Gohm, Operations Manager; C.J. Gohm, Deliverables Manager; V. Cafik, Assistant Project Manager; P. Epler, Field Director; T. Taylor; Assistant Field Director; and one additional field crewmember. The study area comprised the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church (1645 Line 3 North), a commemorative stone cairn from 1947, a maintained lawn, a wooded area fenced on the south and east, and adjacent agricultural lands at the time of assessment. Field conditions were ideal during the property survey, with well -weathered soils in the ploughed lands, high ground surface visibility and dry soils for screening. The specific weather and lighting conditions for the day of assessment are summarized in Section 3.1 (Stage 2). No unusual physical features were encountered during the Stage 1 and 2 assessments that affected fieldwork strategy decisions or the identification of artifacts or cultural features (e.g., dense root mats, boulders, rubble, etc.). 1.3.4.2 Stage 3 Cemetery Investigation The Stage 3 cemetery investigation was carried out on September 12, 2014 under licence #P007, PIF #P007-0666-2014. This investigation was completed to determine whether the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery extended south or east of the fenced area (the assumed cemetery limits) on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396. Specifically, an area of 1,193 sq. in was mechanically excavated and examined for deeply -buried cultural features (i.e., grave shafts). Legal permission to enter and conduct all necessary fieldwork activities within the assessed lands was granted by the property owner. Key personnel involved during the Stage 3 assessment were PJ Racher, Project Director; C.E. Gohm, Operations Manager; C.J. Gohm, Deliverables Manager; V. Cafik, Assistant Project Manager; P. Epler and P.J. Racher, Field Directors; J. Haxell, Assistant Field Director; and one additional field crewmember. The cemetery investigation area comprised agricultural lands located south and east of the fenced area at the time of the assessment. Field conditions were ideal during the assessment, with high ground surface visibility and dry soils. The specific weather and lighting conditions for the day of assessment are summarized in Section 4.1 (Stage 3). No unusual physical features were encountered during the assessment that affected fieldwork strategy decisions or the identification of artifacts or cultural features (e.g., dense root mats, boulders, rubble, etc.). May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 36 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 23 2.0 STAGE 1 BACKGROUND STUDY 2.1 Summary The Stage 1 assessment was accomplished through an examination of the archaeology, history, geography and current land condition of the vicinity of the study area. This background study was carried out using archival sources (e.g., historical publications and records) and current academic and archaeological publications (e.g., archaeological studies and reports). It also included the analysis of modern topographic maps (at a 1:50,000 scale), recent satellite imagery, and historical maps/atlases of the most detailed scale available (40 chains to 1 inch and 100 chains to 1 inch). With occupation beginning in the Palaeo-Indian period approximately 11,000 years ago, the greater vicinity of the study area comprises a complex chronology of Pre -Contact and Euro - Canadian histories (see Section 1.2). Evidence of Archaic period, Woodland period and Early Contact period remains are well -attested in Simcoe County, and Euro -Canadian archaeological sites dating to pre -1900 and post -1900 contexts are likewise common. The presence of one previously -identified village site in the vicinity of the study area demonstrates the desirability of this locality for early settlement and resource exploitation (see Section 1.3.2). As mentioned in Section 1.3.3, the natural environment of the study area would have been attractive to both Pre -Contact and Euro -Canadian populations as a result of proximity to Willow Creek. The soils were relatively well -drained, and the diverse local vegetation would also have encouraged settlement throughout Ontario's lengthy history. Euro -Canadian populations would have been particularly drawn to Line 3 North and Old Barrie Road West, both of which were historically -surveyed thoroughfares, as well as the community of Edgar. In summary, the Stage 1 assessment included an up-to-date listing of sites from the MTCS's Ontario Archaeological Sites Database (within at least a 1 km radius), the consideration of previous local archaeological fieldwork (within at least a 50 in radius), the analysis of topographic and historic maps (at the most detailed scale available), and the study of aerial photographs/satellite imagery. In this manner, the standards for background research set out in Section 1.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:14-15) were met. 2.2 Field Methods (Property Inspection) Since the Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessments were carried out concurrently, a separate property inspection was not completed as part of the Stage 1 background study. Instead, the visual survey was conducted over the course of the Stage 2 property survey, in keeping with Standards 2a—b in Section 2.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:28). As mentioned in Section 1.3.4, legal permission to enter and conduct all necessary fieldwork activities within the assessed lands was granted by the property owner. In accordance with the requirements set out in Section 1.2 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:15-17), the visually surveyed areas were examined systematically (at an interval of < 5 m) under ideal weather and lighting conditions with high ground surface visibility. The results of ABA's archaeological potential modelling are discussed below. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 37 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 24 2.3 Analysis and Conclusions In addition to the relevant historical sources and the results of past excavations and surveys (see Section 1.2—Section 1.3), the archaeological potential of a property can be assessed using its soils, hydrology and landforms as considerations. What follows is an in-depth analysis of the archaeological potential of the study area, which incorporates the results of the on-site documentation conducted in August and September 2014. Throughout southern Ontario, scholars have noted a strong association between site locations and waterways. Young, Horne, Varley, Racher and Clish, for example, state that "either the number of streams and/or stream order is always a significant factor in the positive prediction of site presence" (1995:23). They further note that certain types of landforms, such as moraines, seem to have been favoured by different groups throughout prehistory (Young et al. 1995:33). According to Janusas (1988:1), "the location of early settlements tended to be dominated by the proximity to reliable and potable water resources." Site potential modeling studies (Peters 1986; Pihl 1986) have found that most prehistoric archaeological sites are located within 300 in of either extant water sources or former bodies of water, such as post -glacial lakes. While many of these studies do not go into detail as to the basis for this pattern, Young, Horne, Varley, Racher and Clish (1995) suggest that the presence of streams would have been a significant attractor for a host of plant, game and fish species, encouraging localized human exploitation and settlement. Additionally, lands in close proximity to streams and other water courses were highly valued for the access they provided to transportation and communication routes. Primary water sources (e.g., lakes, rivers, streams and creeks) and secondary water sources (e.g., intermittent streams and creeks, springs, marshes and swamps) are therefore of pivotal importance for identifying archaeological potential (MTC 2011:17). Section 1.3.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:17-18) emphasizes the following six features and characteristics as being additional indicators of positive potential for Pre -Contact archaeological materials: 1) features associated with extinct water sources (glacial lake shorelines, relic river channels, shorelines of drained lakes, etc.); 2) the presence of pockets of well -drained soils (for habitation and agriculture); 3) elevated topography (e.g. drumlins, eskers, moraines, knolls,. etc.); 4) distinctive landforms that may have been utilized as spiritual sites (waterfalls, rocky outcrops, caverns, etc.); 5) proximity to valued raw materials (quartz, ochre, copper, chert outcrops, medicinal flora, etc.); and 6) accessibility of plant and animal food sources (spawning areas, migratory routes, prairie lands, etc.). Conversely, it must be understood that non-habitational sites (e.g., burials, lithic quarries, kill sites, etc.) may be located anywhere. Potential modeling appears to break down when it comes to these idiosyncratic sites, many of which have more significance than their habitational counterparts due to their relative rarity. The Stage 1 archaeological assessment practices outlined in Section 1.4.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:20-21) ensure that these important sites are not missed, as no area can be exempted from further work unless it has been subjected to a Stage 1 property inspection or Stage 2 property survey. With the development of integrated 'complex' economies in the Euro -Canadian era, settlement tended to become less dependent upon local resource procurement/production and more tied to May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007--0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 38 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 25 wider economic networks. As such, proximity to transportation routes (roads, canals, etc.) became the most significant predictor of site location, especially for Euro -Canadian populations. In the early Euro -Canadian era (pre -1850), when transport by water was the norm, sites tended to be situated along major rivers and creeks—the 'highways' of their day. With the opening of the interior of the province to settlement after about 1850, sites tended to be more commonly located along historically -surveyed roads. Section 1.3.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:18) recognizes trails, passes, roads, railways and portage routes as examples of such early transportation routes. In addition to transportation routes, Section 1.3.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:18) emphasizes three other indicators of positive potential for Euro -Canadian archaeological materials: 1) areas of early settlement (military outposts, pioneer homesteads or cabins, early wharfs or dock complexes, pioneer churches, early cemeteries, etc.); 2) properties listed on a municipal, register, designated under the Ontario Heritage Act or otherwise categorized as a federal, provincial or municipal historic landmark/site; and 3) properties identified with possible archaeological sites, historical events, activities or occupations, as identified by local histories or informants. Based on the location, drainage and topography of the subject lands and the application of land - use modelling, it seems clear that the study area, in its pristine state, would have potential for both Pre -Contact and Euro -Canadian archaeological sites. Local indicators of archaeological potential include one primary water source (Willow Creek), two historically -surveyed roadways (Line 3 North and Old Barrie Road West) and one area of early settlement (Edgar). In its current state, however, the study area retains only part of this archaeological potential. Section 2.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:28) states that only those lands that 1) are sloped > 20°, 2) are permanently wet, 3) consist of exposed bedrock or 4) have been subject to extensive and deep land alterations can be considered exempt from requiring Stage 2 property survey. These guidelines serve as effective criteria for identifying areas of no archaeological potential. ARA's on-site documentation, coupled with the analysis of modern satellite imagery and topographic mapping, resulted in the identification of one area of disturbance within the assessed area. Specifically, deep land alterations have resulted in the removal of archaeological potential from the building footprint of the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church (see Image 1). The remainder of the assessed area either had potential for Pre -Contact and Euro -Canadian archaeological materials or required test -pitting to confirm disturbance. Based on the results of the visual survey, the study area comprised a mixture of areas of archaeological potential and areas of no archaeological potential. In total, 92.20% (2.18 ha) of the study area was found to have archaeological potential and 0.27% (0.01 ha) was found to be disturbed. The assumed core of the cemetery was not assessed (7.53%; 0.18 ha); this area is owned by the Township of Oro-Medonte and has been excluded from the proposed development. The identified areas of no archaeological potential are depicted in Map 25–Map 26. A Stage 2 assessment of the identified areas of archaeological potential was required. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4P007-0665-2014 and 4P007-0666-2014 Page 39 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 26 3.0 STAGE 2 PROPERTY ASSESSMENT 3.1 Field Methods The Stage 2 assessment involved 1) pedestrian and test pit survey in all identified areas of archaeological potential and 2) a combination of visual and test pit survey to confirm the extents of any disturbed areas identified during test pitting. The limits of the study area were confirmed by ARA's GIS Technician using project -specific GIS data and the stakeout function of a handheld unit. Specifically, ARAutilized a Topcon GRS-1 RTK GNSS Receiver and Field Controller and a Topcon HiPer SR RTK GNSS Receiver and Field Controller without localization adjustment providing a network -corrected accuracy of +/- 50 cm (using the UTM17 NAD83 coordinate system) during the assessment. Environmental conditions were ideal during the assessment, with partly cloudy skies, a high of 20 °C and excellent lighting on August 18, 2014 and sunny skies, a high of 17 °C and excellent lighting on September 12, 2014. ARA therefore confirms that fieldwork was carried out under weather and lighting conditions that met the requirements set out in Section 2.1 Standard 3 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:29). The pedestrian survey method was utilized to complete the property assessment within the agricultural fields. Section 2. 1.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:30) provides clear requirements for the condition of such lands prior to the commencement of fieldwork: all fields must be recently ploughed; all soils must be well -weathered; and at least 80% of the ploughed ground surface must be visible. These conditions were met during the pedestrian survey (see Image 2—Image 4). Following the standard strategy for pedestrian survey outlined in Section 2.1.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:30-31), ARA crewmembers traversed the fields along parallel transects established at an interval of <_ 5 in, yielding at least 20 survey transects per hectare. If archaeological materials were encountered in the course of the pedestrian survey, the transect interval would be closed to 1 in and a close inspection of the ground would be conducted for 20 in in all directions. For sites appearing to be of further CHVI at the time of fieldwork, all formal artifact types, all diagnostic artifacts and a representative sample of non-diagnostic artifacts would be collected for analysis. The remaining artifacts would be left in situ until a proper Stage 3 Controlled Surface Pickup could be carried out. For small sites with no potential for further CHVI, all artifacts would be collected in order to fully document the deposit prior to development impacts. The test pit survey method was utilized to complete the assessment within the maintained lawn and wooded areas because ploughing was not possible (i.e., the areas were not plough - accessible). Using this method, ARA crewmembers hand -excavated small regular test pits with a minimum diameter of 30 cm at prescribed intervals. In accordance with Section 2.1.2 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:31-32), all lands within 300 in of any feature of archaeological potential were assessed at an interval of < 5 in (see Image 5—Image 7). Given the proximity of the study area to multiple features of archaeological potential, test pit survey at an interval of < 10 in was not conducted. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 40 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 27 In accordance with Section 2.1.2 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:32), each test pit was excavated into the first 5 cm of subsoil and the resultant pits were evaluated for stratigraphy, cultural features and/or evidence of fill (see Image 8—Image 9). The test pits within the wooded area consisted of 30-60 cm of black organic loam topsoil over yellow/orange subsoil, the test pits outside of the fence consisted of 30-50 cm of dark brown sandy loam over yellow/orange subsoil, and the test pits in the cleared area south of the church contained 30-50 cm of dark brown sandy loam over yellow/orange sandy subsoil (possibly fill). The soils from each test pit were screened through mesh with an aperture of no greater than 6 mm and examined for archaeological materials (see Image 10—Image 11). If archaeological materials were encountered, each Positive Test Pit would be documented and all artifacts would be collected according to their associated test pit. All test pits were backfilled upon completion. As required by Section 2.1.8 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:38), a combination of visual survey and test pit survey was used to confirm the extents of any disturbed areas identified during test pitting. These areas either initially appeared to have archaeological potential or were of indeterminate archaeological potential; test pits were placed throughout these areas to confirm that they had been completely disturbed (see Image 13—Image 15). In accordance with the requirements set out in Section 1.2 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:15-17), the visually surveyed areas were examined systematically (at an interval of < 5 m) under ideal weather and lighting conditions with high ground surface visibility. The combination survey confirmed that the western edge of the property consisted of mixed fills and/or gravel associated with past construction activities along Line 3 North. Artifacts that may indicate the presence of significant cultural deposits include bone, charcoal, lithics (stone tools and refuse generated by their production and use), ceramics, glass and metal. Archaeological features such as pits, foundations and other non-portable remains may also be encountered during a Stage 2 assessment. All archaeological materials with potential CHVI are documented (i.e., recorded on georeferenced field maps with aerial imagery, in field notes and with a GPS handheld unit where practicable), whether associated with Pre -Contact Aboriginal groups or Post -Contact First Nations, Metis and Euro -Canadian populations. All identified areas of archaeological potential were assessed according to these methods, and the combined results of the Stage 1 and 2 assessments are presented in Map 25—Map 26. The assumed core of the cemetery was not assessed (0.18 ha); this area is owned by the Township of Oro-Medonte and has been excluded from the proposed development. In fulfillment of the requirements set out in Section 7.8 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:137), the field methods utilized during the assessments are summarized in Table 3. This summary includes the areas of no archaeological potential discussed in the Stage 1 component in accordance with Section 7.8.1 Standard 3b (MTC 2011:137). Table 3: Summary of Utilized Field Methods Category Study Area Property assessed by pedestrian survey at an interval of:S 5 m 80.90% (1.92 ha) Property assessed by test pit survey at an interval of < 5 m 9.88% (0.23 ha) Property assessed by a combination of visual survey and test pit survey to confirm disturbance 1.42% (0.03 ha) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 41 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 28 Category Study Area Property not assessed because of disturbed areas 0.27% (0.01 ha) Property not assessed because of permanently wet areas 0.00% (0.00 ha) Property not assessed because of sloped areas 0.00% (0.00 ha) Property not assessed because of exposed bedrock 0.00% (0.00 ha) Property assessed with a modified survey interval due to a physical or cultural constraint 0.00% (0.00 ha) Property not assessed because of exclusion from development 7.53% (0.18 ha) Total 100% (2.37 ha) In keeping with the requirements set out in Section 2.1 Standard 4 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:29), GPS coordinates were recorded for at least one local fixed reference landmark (e.g., a Land Surveyor benchmark, Hydro pole, standard iron bar, etc.). The GPS co-ordinates for the documented fixed reference landmarks appears in Table 4, and the landmark locations are shown in Map 25—Map 26. Table 4: GPS Co-ordinates for Fixed Reference Landmarks Fixed Reference Landmark ID Landmark Type UTM Zone Easting (m) Northing (m) FRL1 Utility Pole 17 608,386 4,928,619 FRL2 Monument 17 608,399 4,928,605 FRL3 Utility Pole 17 608,408 4,928,584 3.2 Record of Finds The assessment did not result in the discovery of any archaeological materials or human remains. The inventory of the documentary record, which includes a quantitative summary of the field notes, photographs and mapping materials associated with the project, appears in Table 5. These materials are stored at ARA's processing facility located at 154 Otonabee Drive, Kitchener. Table 5: Inventory of the Documentary Record — Stage 2 Field Documents Total I Nature Location Photographs 65 Digital On server at 154 Otonabee Drive, Kitchener; Folder P007-0665-2014 Notes 3 Digital Filed and on server at 154 Otonabee Drive, Kitchener; Folder P007-0665-2014 Maps 2 Hard copy Filed and on server at 154 Otonabee Drive, Kitchener; Folder P007-0665-2014 3.3 Analysis and Conclusions No archaeological sites were identified within the assessed lands. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 42 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 29 4.0 STAGE 3 CEMETERY INVESTIGATION 4.1 Field Methods The field methods for the Stage 3 cemetery investigation were developed to determine 1) whether the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery extended south or east of the fenced area (the assumed cemetery limits) on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396 and 2) the extent of the cemetery, if identified. As the Stage 1 and 2 assessments did not result in the identification of any archaeological materials, traditional Stage 3 site-specific assessment methods (i.e., recording of the site extents using the Global Positioning System, Controlled Surface Pickup and test unit excavation) were not warranted (MTC 2011:47-53). In accordance with the requirements set out in Section 3.2 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:47), the investigation began with the establishment of permanent datum points (stakes) that can be tied to a development map and the laying out of an excavation grid. ARA utilized a Topcon HiPer SR RTK GNSS Receiver and Field Controller without localization adjustment providing a network - corrected accuracy of +/- 50 cm using the UTM17 NAD83 coordinate system during the assessment. The locations of the datum points are shown in Map 26, and the associated GPS co- ordinates are presented in Table 6 (these data do not reveal any detailed site location information and therefore can be included in the main report). Table 6: GPS Co-ordinates for Datum Points Location UTM Zone Easting (m) Northing (m) Datum D1 17 608,444 4,928,648 Datum D2 17 608,452 4,928,634 Environmental conditions were ideal during the assessment, with sunny skies, a high of 17 °C and excellent lighting on September 12, 2014. ARA therefore confirms that fieldwork was carried out under weather and lighting conditions that met the requirements set out in Section 3.2 Standard 2 and Section 7.9.1 Standard 1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:47, 143). Given that the investigation was focused on determining whether there were any human remains or grave shafts south or east of the fenced area, the field methods were developed in accordance with the requirements set out in Section 3.3.3 (Assessment of Sites in Deeply Buried Conditions) of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:55-56). Although specific to Stage 4 excavations, the directions set out in Section 4.2.3 (Excavation by Mechanical Topsoil Removal) of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:78-79) were also considered. Specifically, an L-shaped 1,193 sq. in area (comprising two 10 in wide trenches roughly 60 in in length) was mechanically excavated around the fenced area and examined for deeply -buried cultural features (i.e., grave shafts). To avoid damage to potential features, a CAT 430E backhoe loader and a CAT 336DL excavator with articulated wrists and straight -bladed buckets were employed to remove the topsoil. This equipment was used to pull sections of soil away from the excavation area (see Image 16—Image 19). May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 43 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 30 Topsoil removal continued until the topsoil/subsoil interface was reached within each trench. This interface was then immediately subjected to a close examination for potential colour and texture changes that could be indicative of grave shafts, and shovel shining was utilized to further clarify the interface (see Image 20). The average depth over the excavated area was 40cm. No potential cultural features were identified during the mechanical topsoil removal. The areas subjected to mechanical topsoil removal and the excavation results were documented in the field (i.e., recorded on georeferenced field maps with aerial imagery, in field notes and with a GPS handheld unit). The stripped areas were backfilled upon the completion of mechanical excavation, as per the property owner's instruction. In fulfillment of the requirements set out in Section 7.9.2, Section 7.9.3 and Table 7.1 of the S&Gs (MTC 2011:122, 144-145), distinct Record of Finds and Analysis and Conclusions write- ups are presented in Section 4.2 and Section 4.3. 4.2 Record of Finds 4.2.1 Overview Location: South and east of the fenced area on Part 1. Plan 51 R-33396. Total Number of Test Units: 0 TotalArea Mechanically Stripped. 1,193 sq. in Total Number of Artifacts: 0 No. of Diagnostic Artifacts: 0 Materials Identified. None 4.2.2 Soil Composition and Stratigraphy During the mechanical excavation, it was noted that the area south of the fence consisted of dark, sandy and organic topsoil sloping to the west and south. The organic soils were deeper in the lower -lying southeastern corner of the trench, and some deep root stains were observed. East of the fence, an apparent intermittent natural drainage channel through the property produced deeper concentrations of organic soils. In general, however, this low-lying and wet area exhibited fewer changes in elevation than the trench south of the fence. 4.2.3 Cultural Features Mechanical topsoil removal and subsequent inspection did not reveal any cultural features within the assessed area. 4.2.4 Artifact Assemblage The Stage 3 assessment did not result in the identification of any archaeological materials. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 44 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 31 4.2.5 Settlement and Site Function Patterns No data pertaining to settlement patterns or site function were obtained during the Stage 3 assessment. 4.2.6 Inventory of the Documentary Record The assessment did not result in the discovery of any archaeological materials or human remains. The inventory of the documentary record, which includes a quantitative summary of the field notes, photographs and mapping materials associated with the project, appears in Table 5. These materials are stored at ABA's processing facility located at 154 Otonabee Drive, Kitchener. Table 7: Inventory of the Documentary Record — Stage 3 Field Documents Total Nature Location Photographs 25 Digital On server at 154 Otonabee Drive, Kitchener; Folder P007-0666-2014 Field Notes 1 Digital Filed and on server at 154 Otonabee Drive, Kitchener; Folder P007-0666-2014 Field Maps 1 Hard copy Filed and on server at 154 Otonabee Drive, Kitchener; Folder P007-0666-2014 4.3 Analysis and Conclusions The Stage 3 assessment did not result in the identification of any archaeological materials, cultural features (i.e., grave shafts) or human remains. ARA confirms that the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery does not extend south or east of the fenced area (the assumed cemetery limits) on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 45 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 32 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS The Stage 1, 2 and 3 assessments did not result in the identification of any archaeological materials or human remains. ARA confirms that the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery does not extend south or east of the fenced area (the assumed cemetery limits) on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396 and recommends that Part 2, Plan 51R-33396 and Part 1, Plan 51R- 38358 require no further assessment. Although the dismantling of the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396 for relocation to Part 1, Plan 51R-38358 can proceed without concern, an additional Stage 3 site-specific assessment (cemetery investigation) is recommended within the fenced area on Part 1, Plan 51R-33396 if any future ground disturbing impacts are proposed so that the limits of the cemetery can be accurately identified. Specifically, this would involve the mechanical excavation of the area to identify any deeply - buried cultural features (i.e., grave shafts). To avoid damage to potential features, an excavator with an articulated wrist and straight -bladed bucket must be employed to remove the topsoil by pulling sections of soil away from the excavation area. Topsoil removal must continue until the topsoil/subsoil interface is reached, and this interface must be immediately subjected to a close examination for potential colour and texture changes that could be indicative of grave shafts. Shovel shining must be utilized to further clarify the interface. A Letter of Review and Entry into the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports is requested, as provided for in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 46 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 33 6.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION Section 7.5.9 of the S&Gs requires that the following information be provided for the benefit of the proponent and approval authority in the land use planning and development process (MTC 2011:126-127): This report is submitted to the Minister of Tourism, Culture and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c 0.18. The report is reviewed to ensure that it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development. It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or to remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeology Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act. Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O. 1990 c. CA and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c.33 (when proclaimed in force) require that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Consumer Services. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007--0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 47 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 34 7.0 IMAGES Image 1: Area of No Archaeological Potential — Disturbed (Photo Taken on August 18, 2014; Facing North) Image 2: Field Conditions (Photo Taken on August 18, 2014; Facing North) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 48 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 35 Image 3: Pedestrian Survey at an Interval of < 5 m (Photo Taken on August 18, 2014; Facing Northeast) Image 4: Pedestrian Survey at an Interval of < 5 m (Photo Taken on August 18, 2014; Facing Northeast) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and 9PO07-0666-2014 Page 49 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 36 Image 5: Test Pit Survey at an Interval of:5 5 m (Photo Taken on September 12, 2014; Facing Southwest) Image 6: Test Pit Survey at an Interval of < 5 m (Photo Taken on September 12, 2014; Facing Northeast) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF AP007-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 50 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 37 Image 7: Test Pit Survey at an Interval of < 5 m (Photo Taken on August 18, 2014; Facing South) Image 8: Typical Test Pit (Photo Taken on August 18, 2014; Facing North) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 51 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 38 Image 9: Typical Test Pit (Photo Taken on September 12, 2014; Facing North) Image 10: Screening Soil through 6 mm Mesh (Photo Taken on September 12, 2014; Facing Northeast) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 9PO07-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 52 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 39 Image 11: Screening Soil through 6 mm Mesh (Photo Taken on September 12, 2014; Facing Northeast) Image 12: Combination Survey to Confirm Disturbance (Photo Taken on August 18, 2014; Facing North) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 53 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 40 Image 13: Disturbed Test Pit (Photo Taken on August 18, 2014; Facing North) Image 14: Combination Survey to Confirm Disturbance (Photo Taken on September 12, 2014; Facing South) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 54 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 41 Image 15: Disturbed Test Pit (Photo Taken on September 12, 2014; Facing North) Image 16: Mechanical Excavation (Photo Taken on September 12,2014; Facing Northwest) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 55 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 42 Image 17: Mechanical Excavation (Photo Taken on September 12, 2014; Facing Southwest) Image 18: Mechanical Excavation (Photo Taken on September 12,2014; Facing Northwest) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 9PO07-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 56 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 43 Image 19: Mechanical Excavation (Photo Taken on September 12, 2014; Facing Southwest) Image 20: Shovel Shining (Photo Taken on September 12,2014; Facing Northwest) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007--0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 57 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 44 8.0 MAPS (NRC 2002) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 58 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 45 Map 2: Location of the Study Area in the Township of Oro-Medonte (Produced by ARA under licence from Ontario MNRF, © Queens Printer 2015) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007--0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 59 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 46 PELICAN FALLS51 1-1 'A T . - 0 KILLALA LAKE PAYS PLAT C "ERQN BAY A — , I prp" . 0 Lake Huron 4� 0 KA.M M jizi.rll IIA; KAN KIL A EY,AULT PLUM Potf A SERPENT M0 LDSON _I2' �JNVERHURON .4.+ ON0 10 JTAR - LAO Map 3: Map of Middle Woodland Period Complexes (Wright 1972:Map 4) Da, CoUlter ') t CD Huron t 4eutral tvanEftlabO Lawson 0 0 0 100 km 666 Lake Erie Map 4: Pre -Contact Iroquoian Site Clusters (Warrick 2000:Figure 10) May 2015 PIF #PO07-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 New York State 0 15th century cluster 0 16th century cluster Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. Page 60 of 100 LEGEND LAUREL CULTURE POINT PENINSULA CULTURE SAUGEEN CULTURE ElPRINCESS POINT CULTURE BURIAL MOUNDS Lake Huron 4� 0 KA.M M jizi.rll IIA; KAN KIL A EY,AULT PLUM Potf A SERPENT M0 LDSON _I2' �JNVERHURON .4.+ ON0 10 JTAR - LAO Map 3: Map of Middle Woodland Period Complexes (Wright 1972:Map 4) Da, CoUlter ') t CD Huron t 4eutral tvanEftlabO Lawson 0 0 0 100 km 666 Lake Erie Map 4: Pre -Contact Iroquoian Site Clusters (Warrick 2000:Figure 10) May 2015 PIF #PO07-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 New York State 0 15th century cluster 0 16th century cluster Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. Page 60 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 47 itMEN �tau "r.�°. Cie ,arr�mir °�! Sti � 4 s 6s s.`iu�,,�u�s'art I an s 618. KA _.36 ,�v `'S'i .LIK'11d�1i ffill7il►'L. f aT. �� as.-` �� � Q r Aj rk Map 5: Detail from S. de Champlain's Carte de la Nouvelle France (1632) (Gentilcore and Head 1984:Map 1.2) Map 6: Detail from N. Sanson's Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France (1656) (Gentilcore and Head 1984:Map 1.10) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 61 of 100 w rod .us au r tie� t�!►3TdF� a�t�ldt r�l.�tt rurxe d 1 Y r s .> ..� ti,. ,� y/'L1w - au�MM'r� (��♦�AX�I FS#1r V Ivry` 1�Ojr�n [Lt:�#friFye� p V 0> AvsF :i�i�9 MAW h .r10 a n, AV �y tr Map 6: Detail from N. Sanson's Le Canada, ou Nouvelle France (1656) (Gentilcore and Head 1984:Map 1.10) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 61 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 48 Bare de Toronto Hurons _ .'moi•" .. M'i - �* Hurons N. 1142- `iheonontate. :��._ �� . �x�e 4r4 54, A 4Q .. i Map 7: Detail from H. Popple's A Map of the British Empire in America (1733) (Cartography Associates 2009) r ♦/ / 1J } _-- J � ORMUZ,-- 1 f - Map 8: Detail from J.B. D'Anville's Canada Louisiane et TerresAngloises (1755) (Cartography Associates 2009) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 9PO07-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 62 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 49 • _ liIto It - •� r rA. a i>° c- ��11j -e, Atli •� J -� Irog-ttoLs 1 � aft Map 9: Detail from R. Bonne's Partie de l'Amerique Septentrionale (1783) (Cartography Associates 2009) Lake Huron fir_ ; Land Purchases in (Georgian Simcoe County Bay), and Surroundings. e ar enin o r rchase AlhA-Purese 17 �4 Lake Simcoe {Purchase 181.5 ake Simcoe awv- Lake Simcoe -Nottaw aga Purchase 1818 "ap 10: Land Purchases in Simcoe County (Innisfil Library 2010) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and AP007-0666-2014 Page 63 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 50 .thio% Prymm.rtor �' WonrewY , the [' vn'Q" - B11V VSP R x,r .�p�.,t n grry( lt.n• int pti �lt 1 JlaU.fiidd:hB •. - Ahut g� -- t t Iro uvi if hezv Lisa o t•tI //t'r� c ! 1. r' � �� ( � tia X f R $ w -- 'fit } -� ton'h� ',-•- tb'� J�tl �iiv 4•; 11"r.c's,d kin>I dila Map 11: Detail from D.W. Smyth's A Map of the Province of Upper Canada (1800) (Cartography Associates 2009) r -Sp. B A'Y g�4, t 4f( �` lxaPlratr • '� �ra,,.y�'rtw`w+r � b fi O 1M a I �l r p Y s °aattoauioo + j !r' 1 1 g d CF Map 12: Detail from J. Purdy's A Map of Cabotia (1814) (Cartography Associates 2009) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 64 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 51 Map 13: Detail from J. Arrowsmith's Upper Canada (1837) (Cartography Associates 2009) t7z,•' 'ter vv • dill .�: t_ _ p►t � � �'�I)rA%J �� � •• �zlz. ti �, c� � S`�i nr { 4/��.i/aallt zA�ltrulrtal �- i< Ptio?riteOro �i j�J �: jlrra�lt '�t/aiiirtctrt �� + r �v 0, ,��r r!, � cdjr►'�` I...�2ltt(`r �, � l�vtz -oke 1I<luir, I 6 I/tUt; / t� �y rr>i<r�t i +bn (� .. + � _ �;�+'�} ,Cif 7 `j!✓ �iL W. :t1i �"c • : o� Tfhi ti M VMS •;� � r Map 13: Detail from J. Arrowsmith's Upper Canada (1837) (Cartography Associates 2009) Map 14: Detail from J. Bouchette's Map of the Provinces of Canada (1846) (Cartography Associates 2009) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 65 of 100 �y (� .. + � _ �;�+'�} ,Cif 7 `j!✓ �iL W. � M VMS `1JF At rar!� 1k ..,, . ( y j 1 Map 14: Detail from J. Bouchette's Map of the Provinces of Canada (1846) (Cartography Associates 2009) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 65 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 52 A Ti / ,l% , � f,ri � 'itlNliln f• 3Tii i `l �Vi_�rtt- � t th (blfin; t rig , l: t►1�i' 'rn lilt�� m ut- �' t 1Jd ` Irtlr 1111 4.`R3ii�. Os 10 ileiF,eld, Iti@SI.;i ^� _� �•t� y,..iiiT • � �. , lt! etT 3 oton tho Ttt ,ti ' ,• i 1 rs o rtl iaiib % 6.' 171 a D r _ $ti T�H+F7! IGffle-�i chni^c i Y Map 15: Detail from G.W. Colton's Canada West (1856) (Cartography Associates 2009) �-'" /h/1Tl�rj�JT.[•T$rt/-lri9 rn:port 147clliczvn� T'ewy• {'f�$f�3y}m"r J 11. ti`rrZtt. t4 �tr Y >z I .7jyr/iJrzj iY iii- .A rtc%%r So C1 -80UO e/• pirt 1. r ss�,i�,t` Cl iJltttvtz f<r ` lF`tn) cJ . <tIYh. rnb sprue{4e ry (i•tv 1 gTi�t ti��iv t` �- s � �Tue '••• tt�jf�tv`zZe .�, ''OT illr.� ' tY �i!_ol/f t4slir<o-j lJ 'k G.: `J ll ze, n #D+ 1lr 1 n' c]eraoTZ�;� frit Z3�zf�t� C]r FP'1 u' a/tglt oan V _r l3rPC7(tirL t. -Loiet ' UT•c�a' lj !` c�ojzFaX TZitOtt+ClTi {'�5=�q.T.iV Y _ ti i• '2`i�TT. a • tjrrs i I' le /rvya- YC'�j}py 1?tte a �, �te � L'�F,/ ; c s �• unrJfur j� 1. J• � � a 1` �.0 y � 11 1 O d r L iyy �� • is T Ik''ser/to d t'tlj`o`ra'` lje�, `fin s `!" n;17<r j •''�. �ot9s ieIbt<T drsil, Y Icxrl: -it-tit C'r'drrr r i�. x. ' % D to y ttto p I3t eto - r o % I (' . r*. <rl�t /jlrl "8'stast �` f• T %u3 t l[� -�£ rb .' r � a�. z,• oOt► o L�Ytiy T�tt�atl rTt 1'e,i„ cY �Qt rte. r' 'trn .oEta rZ 1Bt<tivf,�t °z tYic7lt,. , t.Ycti2ry I' 1 •j,�,�{7`� Map 16: Detail from W. & A.K. Johnston's Dominion of Canada (1912) (Cartography Associates 2009) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 9PO07-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 66 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 53 AWICK T M/ (�6a":. ♦1 !a'� Q reit a Fotititiaa YO 0 c IIA Y 01 Pz IS Phwir."" 0 1,4.1. C 'xtxs� ae �z ��: a 0 X. 0/ R -T L L I Module rarrtal;j.4u `! .. t�V Grata. icr e. --& n N`�x r . nr a j.� ht)opfa Ifoj! 0 $ 0 'thew sta. Edgar o D111rbstl Uars, b WAew's pay 311114 Dalston o Steele Wkwtone sta. 4 Sea. Gxthrt. F ldb A C thollllJtu L A a B n18Ya,�, baa OR a� 6x►wnt • t4g. i i tt Deerl�"t` q`E dt °P} si 1t 00E as i` E' '+cns ri¢tap 5ta. n 'k p i ° y° ♦• 1 TLomwa N ; t � i � ! °T1P�Y4�1p"• y ^yam r,', -�•rr :K,t,•a �tg W E 4 4 4 111 4� wn t .Y•i V Rof 1+�1� —q t 6x►wnt • t4g. i i tt Deerl�"t` al0a'4 Sta. `3`s� Yaton k. D?d a bi 0 ii 0AV � saaxllk tlurkls� � G COUNTY OF {{ a' t... `t C PROVINCE OF ONTARIO ,r L 4 tJ N IF, E1 H;450*1 s.x O F P alto r.t.uaxbt ew. ro Map 17: Simcoe County from W.J. Gage and Co.'s Gage's County Atlas (1886) (W.J. Gage and Co. 1886) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 67 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 54 1 __ f/ Iti tl,_ 'l- t'I \�, ,�.. 177t 1.Y _Y iG rl.r.�r•. Yrt .V"' .[I{' a' .__' � � V:i✓tri 'f } � tom' �. •r�•�' ,} r __- � r UR]M •D ___ � err O 11. . ll..s� _ � ' �_}, 1. w { i Map 18: The Township of Oro from H. Belden & Co.'s Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada: Simeoe Supplement (1881) (McGill University 2001) May 2015 PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and AP007-0666-2014 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. Page 68 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 55 X11 i��' � f � � �, �' �!" � 1 �� • `ti �', i.` AL • r �� I t 1 1 / • 1•it f t� .A i f s. � til' , ��•�. +'r•�'1 ♦ a•t..59 !ice/fir --r •,+ e ,.' It � •'� _ � . ,t� • w ., ` r .-. ,�► .,t � . (. ,fir J ,t 1 `. ., 1.160010 ti AV At,r Study Area 0 0.5 1 km Map 19: Patent Plan with Notations (ca. 1844), Showing the Study Area (AO 2015) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4P007-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 69 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 56 9 1% 3.W �,to't,A, 10010, f Map 20: The Township of Oro from H. Belden & Co.'s Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada: Simcoe Supplement (1881), Showing the Study Area (McGill University 2001) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 70 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 57 r^ rr . , �• " At Ql Vt +1 k Y :fir �r + a. ✓ +mss- 1 � '¢'•; h ' - J.'" +'' ' t� r \ • ��` �1 ��v � • �.r,�q, ,0 j � , '� �f...t � ` v O\ \VV 2`' sett,, J► ' ,. L ..eA` tom. � �+♦ •1� �. � �/.. tr.; '.�•- C� F "eel -'r Q Study Area N w tr ` 0 250 500 m t + µ Map 21: Historic Aerial Imagery (1954), Showing the Study Area (University of Toronto 2009; Scale Embedded in Original Image) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 71 of 100 yO ti 2 C� F "eel -'r Q Study Area N w tr ` 0 250 500 m t + µ Map 21: Historic Aerial Imagery (1954), Showing the Study Area (University of Toronto 2009; Scale Embedded in Original Image) May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 71 of 100 CD V 0 0 0 Stagc 1, 2 and 3 Assessvnents, Alrican Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation Ground Penetrating Radar Survey at 1645 Line 3 North, Shanty Bay, ON. October 30, 2008 Client: Oro-Medonte History Association multiVIEW Project No.: 11861 Figure 2: GPR Depth Slice: 37-110 cm In -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 II.II�II,III,II.IIIIIIJII II Legend 50 — _ -" Strong Reflectivity 45- 5-4O 1 , 40 ----------- ------- l- T _ 1 1 f 11 30 N 7" d25– -R t 1 1 - ------------ , --- ---- i- , - – ---- ---+-- – , --- - - - - –- - - - - - - Weak Reflectivity 0 — t - ------ ------------- -------------- Metres East — w e Metres —5 S Sview Insight, not hindsight" May 2015 PIF 111'007-0665-2014 and 111'(1117-0666-201-1 Map 22: GPR Survey — Depth Slice 37-110 cm (multi VIEW Locates Inc. 2008) 58 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. 0 CD a 0 C Q (D CD 0 3 D CDn N 0 O O (2) 0 v (D m v 0 D a! 0 O O 9 (D (n T tU (D Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Clmrch Cemetery Investigation Ground Penetrating Radar Survey at 1645 Line 3 North, Shanty Bay, ON. October 30, 2008 Client: Oro-Medonte History Association multiVIEW Project No.: 11861 Figure 3: GPR Depth Slice: 110-185 cm m -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 — I IIIIIII Legend 50 - — ; Strong Reflectivity 45 — 40 — + -%jw ----;--- 35 030— + Z 25 t , All f 15 10 — _ - i �- +',• _+ ' i,,,J Weak Reflectivity { Metres East Metres W+,:,.-view 1015 S Insight, not hindsight" May 2015 PIF )W007-1)665-201-1 and 1111007-0666-201-1 Map 23: GPR Survey — Depth Slice 110-185 cm (multiVIEW Locates Inc. 2008) 59 Research Associates Ltd. L1 C-) 0 co 0 0 C Q m 0 D (D 0 O_ O (n n fJ1 C (I) U) CD ty 0 D to O O n Sll (D C() Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, Alrican Melhodirt Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation Ground Penetrating Radar Survey at 1645 Line 3 North, Shanty Bay, ON. October 30, 2008 Client: Oro-Medonte History Association multiVIEW Project No.: 11861 Figure 4: GPR so Interpretation Legend so c w .► w w w w w► w GPR Anomalies Areas of Disturbed Soil i • • ♦ T GPR Anomaly s 40 ♦ ♦, GPR Linear Anomaly A - • ` Site Features 1 • . ♦ ® Building c 30 �` `s • M AM Rock Barricade Z ♦ ;. v::. !!s ♦ • n * Trees • ♦ • d ti f�o- 4, wa . . Soil Pile ♦' a 0 • • it Sign 20Ks • ♦o T f. --F.s t _ W4 Garden �♦ ♦•*'i f a •i ♦ ♦ Visible Depressions ♦ . ; �#♦ • Hydro Pole 10 _ ♦ .. 4 ♦ ♦ Monument ♦ ♦ _ ♦ ♦♦ , } `i ♦ Edge of Gravel/Grass . l .. ..s 0' • ♦ N Metres 1i 1M� W E -E-view •10 0 10 20 30 40 50 50 s Metres East I Note: The Interpretation shown on this map is subject to the Terms and Conditions outlined on Table 1. Insight, not hindsight`' Map 24: GPR Survey — Interpretation (multiVIEW Locates Inc. 2008) May 2015 PIF '11'007-0665-2014 and 4'007-0666-2014 60 Archaeological Research Associates Lid. a 0 O (u u, 0 O s? m 7 (OD 0 3 D a SU (D O_ O (D n SU :LJ m (n CD SR 0 D Go N O n SU (D U) v CC _4 CT 0 0 0 Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation IV' See Map 26 �P ——-1i- — — — — — — — — I O\,O 1 1 I 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 \ \ j 0 \ 1 May 2015 PIF #P007-0665-2014 and 111'007-0666-2014 i i ,atc t4f 71, Image Location and Direction Survey Method Fixed Reference Landmark Pedestrian — Interval 5 5 m � Datum - Test Pit— Interval 5 5 m X Combination — Disturbed x Fence L _I Study Area - Visual — Disturbed Not Assessed ® Mechanical Topsoil Removal 0 25 50 m Map 25: Assessment Results — Overview of Field Methods and Image Locations (County of Simcoe 2014) Archaeological Research Associates 61 Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemelery Invesligalion Map 26: Assessment Results — Inset View of Field Methods and Image Locations (County of Simcoe 2014) May 2015 PIF tlP007-0665-2014 and !!'007-0666-2(114 62 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd cn n 0 m ch 0 0 O OLm 1 0 m 0 3 D v m 0 0 v (n Ul N i7 3 D cn cn0 O O v (D 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 63 9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES Archives of Ontario (AO) 2011 The Changing Shape of Ontario: Early Districts and Counties 1788-1899. Accessed online at: http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/maps/ontario-districts.aspx. 2015 Oro Township. Accessed online at: hgp:Hao.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dil/407/2/2/43663?RECORD&DATABASE=I MAGES WEB. Canada's Historic Places (CHP) 2015 Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church National Historic Site of Canada. Accessed online at: http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-re place-lieu.aspx?id=12100. Cartography Associates 2009 David Rumsey Map Collection. Accessed online at: http://www.davidrumse.�com/. Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 The Physiography of Southern Ontario. 3rd Edition. Toronto: Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2. County of Simcoe 2014 Geographical Information Systems — Maps. Accessed online at: http://www.simcoe.ca/Infon-nationTechnology/Pages/gis.aspx. Coyne, J. H. 1895 The Country of the Neutrals (As Far as Comprised in the County of Elgin): From Champlain to Talbot. St. Thomas: Times Print. Crawford, T. (ed.) 1999 The Oro African Church: A History of the African Methodist Episcopal Church Edgar Ontario Canada. Township of Oro-Medonte. Davidson, R.J. 1989 Foundations of the Land Bedrock Geology. In The Natural History of Ontario, edited by J.B. Theberge, pp. 36-47. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Inc. Dodd, Christine F., D.R. Poulton, P.A. Lennox, D.G. Smith and G.A. Warrick 1990 The Middle Ontario Iroquoian Stage. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 321-359. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc. Ellis, C.J. and Deller, D.B. 1990 Paleo-Indians. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 37-74. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF AP007-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 77 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 64 Ellis, C.J., I.T. Kenyon, and M.W. Spence 1990 The Archaic. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 65-124. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc. Finlayson, W.D. 1977 The Saugeen Culture: A Middle Woodland Manifestation in Southwestern Ontario. National Museum of Man Mercury Series, Archaeological Survey of Canada Paper No. 61. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. Fox, W. 1990 The Middle Woodland to Late Woodland Transition. 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Jackson, L. J., C. Ellis, A. V. Morgan and J. H. McAndrews 2000 Glacial Lake Levels and Eastern Great Lakes Palaeo-Indians. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 15(5):415-440. Janusas, S. 1988 The Cultural Implication of Drainage in the Municipality of Waterloo. Kitchener: Regional Municipality of Waterloo. Karrow, P.F. and B.G. Warner 1990 The Geological and Biological Environment for Human Occupation in Southern Ontario. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 5-35. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc. Lajeunesse, E.J. 1960 The Windsor Border Region: Canada's Southernmost Frontier. Toronto: The Champlain Society. Lennox, P.A. and W.R. Fitzgerald. 1990 The Culture History and Archaeology of the Neutral Iroquoian. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 405-456. 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Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 66 Ministry of Culture (MCL) 1997 Conserving a Future for Our Past: Archaeology, Land Use Planning & Development in Ontario. An Educational Primer and Comprehensive Guide for Non -Specialists. Toronto: Ministry of Culture. Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) 2014 Ontario's Forest Regions. Accessed online at: http://www.ontario.ca/envii-oninent-and- energy/forest-regions. Ministry of Tourism and Culture (MTC) 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Toronto: Ministry of Tourism and Culture. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport (MTCS) 2014 Inquiry Concerning Sites within a One Kilometre Radius of the Project Area (Ontario Archaeological Sites Database) and Past Archaeological Work within 50 m of the Project Area. Via PastPort, response provided by R. Von Bitter (August 14, 2014). MTCS. Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation (MNCFN) 2010 The History of the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation. Hagersville: Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation. multiVIEW Locates Inc. (MLI) 2008 Geophysical Investigation at the Historic African Church, Oro-Medonte Township, near Shanty Bay, ON. multiVIEW Locates Inc. Mulvany, C.P., G.M. Adam and C.B. Robinson 1885 History of Toronto and the County of York, Ontario, Volume 1. Toronto: C. Blackett Robinson. Natural Resources Canada (NRC) 2002 Ontario Relief. Atlas of Canada, 6th Edition. Accessed online at: http://geogratis. cc�pi/en/nrcan-mean/ess-sst/632e8f7c-403a-57fe-849f- 7cce3591d61 l .html. 2010 Historical Indian Treaties. Atlas of Canada, 6th Edition. Accessed online at: hLtp:Hgeo ra�tis.gc.ca/gpi/en/nrcan-mcan/ess-sst/cb2l6b8f-8893-1Ie0-8ed0- 6cf049291510.html. Nottawasaga Valley Conversation Authority (NVCA) 2015 Watershed Report Cards. Accessed online at: hLtp://www.nvca.on.ca/watershed- science/watershed-report-cards. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 80 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 67 Peters, J.H. 1986 Transmission Line Planning and Archaeological Resources: A Model of Archaeological Potential for Southwestern Ontario. In Archaeological Consulting in Ontario: Papers of the London Conference 1985, ed. W.A. Fox, pp. 19-27. Occasional Papers of the London Chapter, OAS Inc., No. 2. London: OAS. Pihl, R.H. 1986 Site Potential Modeling in Archaeological Consulting. In Archaeological Consulting in Ontario: Papers of the London Conference 1985, ed. W.A. Fox, pp. 29-40. Occasional Papers of the London Chapter, OAS Inc., No. 2. London: OAS. Ramsden, P.G. 1990 The Hurons: Archaeology and Culture History. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to AD 1650, edited by Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 361-384. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc. Ray, A.J. 2014 Hudson's Bay Company. Accessed online at: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/ articles/hudsons-bay-company. Sainte -Marie among the Hurons (SMATH) 2015 About Sainte -Marie among the Hurons. Accessed online at: hLtp://www.saintemarieamon gthehurons.on.ca/sm/en/Home/index.htm. Schmalz, P.S. 1977 The History of the Saugeen Indians. Ottawa: Ontario Historical Society. Smith, D.B. 1987 Sacred Feathers: The Reverend Peter Jones (Kahkewaquonaby) and the Mississauga Indians. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Smith, W.H. 1846 Smith's Canadian Gazetteer: Comprising Statistical and General Information Respecting all Parts of the Upper Province, or Canada West. Toronto: H. & W. Rowsell. Spence, M.W., R.H. Pihl and C. Murphy 1990 Cultural Complexes of the Early and Middle Woodland Periods. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 125-170. Occasional Publication of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and 4PO07-0666-2014 Page 81 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 68 Su Murdoch Historical Consulting and Victor R. Snow Heritage Restoration (Murdoch) 2014 Cultural Heritage Assessment: Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church and Cemetery National Historic Site. Su Murdoch Historical Consulting and Victor R. Snow Heritage Restoration. Surtees, R.J. 1994 Land Cessions, 1763-1830. In Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations, edited by E.S. Rogers and D.B. Smith, pp. 92-121. Toronto: Dundurn Press. Township of Oro 1987 The Story of Oro. 2nd Edition. N.P.: Township of Oro. University of Toronto 2009 Digital Aerial Photographs, Southern Ontario 1954 —West Index. Accessed online at: http://maps.libraautoronto.ca/data/on/AP 1954/ indexwest.html. W.J. Gage and Co. 1886 Gage's County Atlas. Toronto: W.J. Gage and Co. Warrick, G 2000 The Precontact Iroquoian Occupation of Southern Ontario. Journal of World Prehistory 14(4):415-456. 2005 Finding the Invisible Mississaugas of Davisville. Grand Actions 10(4):1-2. Williamson, R.F. 1990 The Early Iroquoian Period of Southern Ontario. In The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.D. 1650, edited by Chris J. Ellis and Neal Ferris, pp. 291-320. Occasional Publications of the London Chapter, OAS Number 5. London: Ontario Archaeological Society Inc. Williamson, R.F. (ed.) 2008 Toronto: A Short Illustrated History of its First 12,000 Years. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company Ltd. Wright, J.V. 1972 Ontario Prehistory: An Eleven -Thousand -Year Archaeological Outline. Archaeological Survey of Canada, National Museum of Man. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada. Young, P.M., M.R. Horne, C.D. Varley, P.J. Racher and A.J. Clish 1995 A Biophysical Model for Prehistoric Archaeological Sites in Southern Ontario. Toronto: Research and Development Branch, Ministry of Transportation. May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 82 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 69 APPENDICES May 2015 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. PIF #P007-0665-2014 and #P007-0666-2014 Page 83 of 100 5.b) Correspondence from Archaeological Research Associates ... Stage 1, 2 and 3 Assessments, African Methodist Episcopal Church Cemetery Investigation 70 PLAN OF SURVEY OF PART or RIE wrsr h r Or for f!, COWESS. (GEOGRAPHIC 70FNSRIP OF ORD) TOWNSHIP OF ORO—MEDONTE COUNTY OF SIMCOE £T STRG;xG O.LS. 2012 ! I ix A: Property Nurvey Plan �i ca aacFl� � ,o nvwi mw.r vp afc ,a lx) or a .•v'x' (ecuwlEx - aY ha IIM/ MF MdNe y1tltMvca Mo Gv K att � w ,fa n x�4 PLAN 51R-3435$ I A I K L0 T 1 0 -,"'- ?AR,".'. SfR-8683 .I -20.L7-----' ----------------------------- Lo R, 6rA'Ae P?AG t- WAA'CF PFWC £k COUNTY ROAD No. lk ` „ 11 (KNOWN AS OLD BAERI6 ROAD) , _____ ----- -----5)R-5688 PART 3----- _ .,.7 F i� PART 1 - =� I PART 1 IAV TLls� I i I x r � I I I I I PARI 1 I� 0151 sfs<. i - cone ( r m I � i W s I I e I i I I i - # I. z z E w i i rn — o m i •' - a y m m PART 2 .' Z z O U ! Z a 3 U x E$ S s ' PART e S Ir U \ c ; T LOT 11 Y `x I LOT 11 ...o -� IAT 12 # - _ LOT 12 __-_T�____ -__ ___.__.-_. v ROTES tECEND SURVEYOR'S CERIIFlCATE C.T. STRONGMAN SURVEYING LTD. Ontario Land Sureeyore _ ORIIJIA ONTARIO D-27 7 May 2015 PIF 4PO07-0665-2014 and 9PO07-0666-2014 Archaeological Research Associates Ltd. Page 84 of 100 5.c) Correspondence from Craig Sims, Heritage Building Consu... Craig Sims Heritage Building Consultant April 29th, 2015 The Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church 1645 Line 3 North, Oro-Medonte Township, Oro, Ontario Introduction This report addresses the possible options to approaching the restoration work at the Oro Church. It is based on observations made on site by Tony Jenkins on April 14th, 2015, at which time the building was examined and exploratory openings were created. Photographs and possible options were subsequently reviewed and discussed by Tony and Craig Sims. Other issues will certainly arise before restoration work begins but resolution of the issues identified herein will allow detailed planning to begin. Please note that the photos contained in this report have been made available from a number of This is one of the earliest views of the church, it shows the chimney in its original central position. Page 85 of 100 5.c) Correspondence from Craig Sims, Heritage Building Consu... A current view of the front elevation of the church with the 1940s siding removed. A current view of the side elevation, the windows date from the 1940s. Page 86 of 100 5.c) Correspondence from Craig Sims, Heritage Building Consu... Summary The restoration of the Oro Church will require extensive interventions which will result in nearly all components and systems being disassembled. The key question is whether or not to attempt to undertake that work with the building in situ or to temporarily set the disturbed or disassembled building components aside to more easily facilitate the work.' The recommendation of this report is to take the latter approach as the extent of disassembly will be hardly any greater, the integrity of the repair work can be better assured, and some activities, such as the excavation for a new foundation, can be undertaken much more easily with the building off its footprint. In terms of cost attempting to undertake the restoration work with the building in situ is estimated to add an additional 30%. Other items are discussed at the end of the report. These include: • The recommendation to raise the elevation of the building by about 12-16" to ensure a positive grade for surface runoff. • The recommendation to reconstruct the floor structure with modern pressure treated framing materials but with reproduction unpainted white pine flooring about 13/8" thick by about 5' wide for the correct period appearance. • The recommendation to re -install clapboard over the exterior face of the log work. • The recommendation to, at minimum, paint the entrance door and windows, as well as their associated trim, to better ensure their long term preservation. Interventions Requiring Disassembly The restoration of the following building components will require disassembly. Roof Structure The roof structure shows a history of distress including the spreading of the rafters and log wall plates as well as the decay of the log wall plates. To stabilize the rafters and to repair/replace the wall plates it will be necessary to remove the shingles, roof sheathing, rafters, ceiling joists and board ceiling. The log wall plates can then be repaired/replaced as the degree of decay dictates. Note that the plates are likely pegged into the logs below. With the plates addressed the rafters can then be reinstalled along with hidden measures to prevent the rafters and plates from spreading again, this will likely entail, at minimum, the addition of tie rods through the plates and collar ties on the rafters. Log Work For the most part the log work is in good condition but the extent of damage and necessary repair to the top plates will require the removal of the roof (although the roof is best be removed for its ' Items should be stored in secured trailers to protect from weather and vandals. Page 87 of 100 5.c) Correspondence from Craig Sims, Heritage Building Consu... own reasons as explained above) and the extent of damage to the sill and lower logs will require extensive repair/replacement which is most easily done without the rest of the log walls impinging upon them. There is also earlier repair work, such as that resulting from vehicular impact, which needs to be addressed. In addition portions of the log work are displaced horizontally and need to be repositioned so that they align properly at the dovetailed corners and the bucks at the window openings. Although the full extent of repair has yet to be determined the restoration strategy will be a combination of replacement, where the decay is extensive, and repair where the log is only deteriorated in an isolated area(s). Additional material has been added to the roof structure in order to stabilize it. Lower logs and sill logs have decayed due to contact with moisture, previous `repairs' using poured concrete have exacerbated the situation. Page 88 of 100 5.c) Correspondence from Craig Sims, Heritage Building Consu... Foundation Although the details for the new foundation have yet to be developed the process will most likely involve removing the original field stone for reuse, and then excavating beneath the foot print of the building in order to place a reinforced concrete foundation below grade where it will not be seen — the original stone work can then be reinstalled. To do this work while the building is in place would require something like needling the underside of the building with beams so that it could be lifted high enough to permit the work. Interior Finished Wood Work No matter which approach is taken it will be necessary to temporarily remove the finished wood work throughout the building interior including the wainscoting, board ceiling and trim around the windows and doorway. Further research will likely indicate that the board ceiling and trim around windows and the door was configured differently which will require that the existing material be replaced. Recommendation in Regard to Disassembly No matter which approach is taken nearly all components that comprise the building require disassembly. As the various construction activities are so much easier to execute with the building off its foot print it is recommended that the building be disassembled and set aside to facilitate restoration. Note that where portions of log work are sounds, such as mid wall sections at some corners or between windows it will be possible to stabilize such sections, and leave them in tact as a unit — this will allow some of the early chinking & daubing to be preserved. Recommendation to Raise the Building Slightly Currently the building sits on what was a flat corner of a field and, partially as a result of the nearby road bed grade being higher, surface water does not run off as it should. For the long term preservation of the floor framing and lower portions of log work it is recommended that the new foundation be built such that the elevation of the building can be raised about 12-16", this will also allow a 4% slope to be created around the building for a minimum of 8'. This approach, as opposed to digging to create swales, etc., minimizes the impact on the historic landscape, archaeological resources, etc. Note that it will be necessary for this excavation work to be monitored by an archaeologist. Recommendation Regarding New Floor System The exact configuration of the original floor structure warrants more investigation but so far it looks as though the presumably partially hewn log joists were connected in some fashion to the sill logs and supported in some sort of ad hoc fashion on field stones adjacent to the log sills. As much as a better understanding of the original configuration will be pursued it is recommended that, in in tandem with the construction of a new poured concrete foundation, the floor be framed Page 89 of 100 5.c) Correspondence from Craig Sims, Heritage Building Consu... in modern pressure treated dimensioned lumber. Although none of the original flooring has survived the new flooring should be about 13/8" thick, tongued and grooved, with an exposed width of about 5" for an appropriate period appearance. Recommendation Regarding New Clapboard The physical evidence indicates that the log work was exposed when the building was originally constructed and that the gable ends were framed and covered with clapboard. The physical and photographic record also indicates that the log work was subsequently covered completely in clapboard and that this was entirely replaced by "fake log' clapboard in the 1940s. Various guesses, based on the degree of weathering on the logs and the gable end clapboard, have speculated that the clapboard was installed sometime between a few years and as many as twenty years after the building was first constructed2. However, it is recommended that new clapboard be reinstalled for a variety of reasons. • The building has been covered in clapboard for nearly all of its life and the philosophy of this project is one of preservation rather than to restore the building to a particular point in time. • Clapboard is a very effective means to preserve the logs beneath and will serve as a sacrificial barrier in terms of future maintenance. • The use of clapboard means that the logs used to repair or used as replacements do not have to match the originals in terms of tooling and patina as much as they might if the log work was to be exposed. • From a social history point of view the community made the decision to cover the building in clapboard at some point in the 3rd quarter of the 19th C. when the building was still fairly new. No doubt this was done in part to protect the log work but, more importantly in the eyes of the community, it was an attempt to modernize their church as even during the mid 19th C. log houses and churches suggested the primitive frontier. END Tony Jenkins Craig Sims 247 Main St., Barriefield, Kingston, Ontario K7K 5S5 tel (613) 547-5658 email: craie(a)craicsims.ca website: www.craigsims.ca 2 It has been observed by many that although the strapping for the clapboard is held with cut nails it is circular sawn. The use of circular saws began to be common, especially for small dimensioned lumber, by the mid -19"c. as steam powered saw mills, planers, etc. became common. Page 90 of 100 5.d) Craig Sims, Heritage Building Consultant, re: Proposal ... Craig Sims Heritage Building Consultant June 25, 2007 To: Shawn Binns, MBA Director, Recreation & Community Services Township of Oro-Medonte By email Proposal for Services — Design Services for Oro African Church Dear Shawn, This proposal for services is in response to our telephone conversation last week. In the interest of making progress quickly I have not addressed the project management aspects for the next phase. I propose to produce drawings and informal specifications sufficient to quantify and guide the work for the restored roof*, chimney*, roof structure*, log work, windows and door, interior wood work, new floor system*, and foundation*. For those items marked with an asterisk I propose to supply the architectural intention to the engineers so that they can add and coordinate the structural components. The drawings will be done by hand and will be digitally scanned. The specification notes shall be in MS Word. We propose to come to the site on May 26th, arriving late morning, and all day as req'd on the 27' to complete the field work. I'm not sure exactly what is involved but we will need the window coverings removed and perhaps a ladder to access the attic and gable ends. In terms of schedule our intention is to finish this work for the end of June, 2015. The proposed fees below also cover time spent to date: For Tony Jenkins: - No charge for time spent to date - 3 days @ $400 = $1200 - 1 return trip @ $ 200 - 1 over night @ $ 100 Total - $1,500 + HST For Craig Sims Page 91 of 100 5.d) Craig Sims, Heritage Building Consultant, re: Proposal ... - Time spent to date for grant application and report - $1,000 - Design Services including travel and accommodation — 10,000 Total - $11,000 + HST I am leaving for Ottawa tomorrow morning and will not be back until Saturday night. Should be able to check emails at the end of each day but if there is something pressing please call my cell 613 985 5658. Yours truly, Craig Sims 247 Main St., Barriefield, Kingston, Ontario K7K 5S5 tel (613) 547-5658 fax (613) 547-0400 email: craigQcraigsims.ca website: www.craigsims.ca Page 92 of 100 ALWAYS OUT FRONT° �African� Methodist Episcopal Church Oro 1849 Designated A • National Historic Site • June 15, 2003 c u r bex.co m (1-888-428-7239) 1 -888 4 CURBEX 5.f) Report No. RC2015-05, Shawn Binns, Director, Recreation... T hip of Report Proud Heritage, Exciting Future Report No. RC2015-05 To: Heritage Committee Prepared By: Shawn Binns Meeting Date: May 25, 2015 Subject: Oro African Church Update Motion # Roll #: R.M.S. File #: Recommendation(s): Requires Action For Information Only It is recommended that the Heritage Committee recommends to Council that: 1. Report RC2015-05 be received and adopted; 2. That motion No. C140507-9 be rescinded to reflect a revised scope of work and procurement approach; 3. That a terms of reference be brought forward for an Oro African Church steering committee. Background: The Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church, built between 1846 and 1849, is a designated National Historic Site. It is one of the last extant buildings erected by a community of African Canadians whose roots were uniquely anchored in the history of United Empire Loyalists and represents the important role that Black militiamen played in the defense of Upper Canada during the War of 1812, and also represents early Upper Canada land policy. The Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church is one of, if not, the oldest African log church still standing in North America. This Church stands as a testament to both the Black Settlers who carefully crafted and cared for it for nearly 75 years and passionate community volunteers who have worked diligently to preserve it since its abandonment in the 1920's. In 2013, the Township acquired the services of Heritage Consultants to prepare a Cultural Heritage Assessment (CHA) to assess the building condition and develop a long term strategy for its preservation. The assessment concluded that the condition of the Church is far worse than expected, and as a result it was closed to the public until a comprehensive restoration effort could be undertaken. The CHA provides a number of recommendations and has been guiding the Township's restoration efforts. Recreation and Community Services May 25, 2015 Report No. RC2015-05 Pa e 1 of 7 Page 94 of 100 51d %ift N� F C2f015-05, Shawn Binns, Director, Recreation... Additional background �an oun in t e ollowing reports: Report RC2013-19 Oro African Church Assessment Oro African Church Cultural Heritage Assessment Report RC2014-02 Oro African Church Assessment Update Report RC2014-17 Oro African Church Restoration In order to further advance the project, the Township faced two significant challenges. First, despite Township funding commitments, a project budget shortfall of over $130,000 existed, and, secondly finding a suitable consultant to undertake and manage the project to achieve its objectives proved to be extremely difficult. The following report will provide a progress update and a series of recommendations for next steps to advance the project. Analysis: Project Scope Update At its meeting of May 28, 2014, Council passed motion No.C140528-9: "Be it resolved 1. That, per Special Heritage Committee Motion No. SHC140515-2, the recommendations contained within the Cultural Heritage Assessment: Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church and Cemetery National Historic Site, as presented by Su Murdoch, Historical Consulting and Victor R. Snow, Heritage Restoration, Project Management & Consulting be supported in principle. 2. That the Cultural Heritage Assessment be used to guide decisions with respect to the restoration of the Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church. 3. That staff bring back a comprehensive report outlining a project plan for the proposed restoration. 4. That the Heritage Committee be advised of Council's decision under the Director of Recreation and Community Services' signature." In supporting the recommendations emanating from the Cultural Heritage Assessment, Council endorsed in principle the recommendations to reconstruct the church and its relocation on the adjacent lands. Accordingly, staff proceeded to complete an archaeological assessment on the adjacent lands. This assessment was completed in kind by Archaeological Research Associates and is included in the agenda for reference. Upon further analysis, additional consultation with stakeholders, and a renewed opportunity for grant funding through Parks Canada, the Township reviewed less intrusive preservation methods to restore the church in its current location, in lieu of restoring it on the adjacent property. Tony Jenkins and Craig Sims, Historical Restoration Specialists, assisted in this analysis and a revised application was submitted to Parks Canada in late 2014. A copy of the initial assessment is attached in the agenda for reference. The historical restoration specialists will be conducting additional investigation work May 26 and 27th to determine a complete scope and preliminary capital cost estimates. Recreation and Community Services May 25, 2015 Report No. RC2015-05 Pa e 2 of 7 Page 95 of 100 5.f) Report No. RC2015-05, Shawn Binns, Director, Recreation... Further investigation and consultation with Parks Canada's is also needed to adequately define scope and undertake procurement. This is also a requirement of the Parks Canada National Historic Site cost sharing program for which the Township was successful in its funding application for $77, 650. This funding is contingent upon a project pre -certification review by a Parks Canada Conservation Architect which will form the basis of a funding contribution agreement. It recommended that an archaeological assessment on the current site be undertaken to ensure that the proposed works are feasible and/or permissible given the presence of the cemetery on the historic one acre block. The cost to conduct this analysis is approximately $12,000. This work should occur as soon as possible, as it is an essential component of defining the project scope. This work could occur while architectural drawings are being completed. Funding update Through a comprehensive fundraising plan, the Township has been successful in receiving project funding commitments as follows: 1) County of Simcoe loan $ 73,852 2) Community fundraising strategy $ 79,000 3) Ontario Trillium Foundation Grant — Partnership with the Vaughan African Canadian Association $ 94,200 4) 'Parks Canada National Historic Sites Cost -Sharing program $ 77,650 5) Donation of products/services in kind $ 30,000 (estimate) Total $354,000 Total less County of Simcoe loan $280,850 The 2015 Capital Budget includes an allocation of $205,321 Recommended funding sources: Facility Maintenance Reserve $ 53,918 Oro African Church Reserve $ 12,475 County of Simcoe Loan or Other Grant $ 73,852 Community Fundraising $ 65,076 Based on the contemplated project scope, it is assumed that the budget should be in the order of the 2015 capital cost estimate and will be validated as the planning and procurement processes progress. Accordingly, it is recommended that County loan be returned and the County of Simcoe thanked for their assistance with the project. As both the Ontario Trillium Foundation and Parks Canada funding are cost sharing programs, staff need to validate that the grant funding from other agencies can be used for the Township's contribution. Parks Canada has confirmed this is permissible. If this proves to be the case with the Ontario Trillium Foundation as well, it would be recommended that any additional funds from the community fundraising efforts be 1 As noted in the correspondence dated May 4, 2015, the funding is subject to pre -certification review and an executed agreement satisfactory to Parks Canada. Recreation and Community Services May 25, 2015 Report No. RC2015-05 Page 96 of 1 Ove 3 of 7 f R�t�ort No. RC u -05, Shawn Binns, Director, Recreation... directed to the Oro Arian c,%�urch re ongoing care and maintenance and/or projects associated with church. Project Management/Governance Construction management is a term for alternative forms of project delivery where a construction manager replaces the role of a general contractor or consultant as in traditional design -bid -build delivery. In this case heritage conservation consultants would assume the construction management role. The owner still engages an architect/engineer to design and prepare construction documents, but he now also engages a construction manager at an early stage as a consultant to provide advice in specifications, oversight and manage construction, planning, cost control, scheduling, tendering and sub -trade selection. The philosophy behind the benefits of construction management is to bring together a more comprehensive team for collaboration during design, the option to start construction earlier and the ability to control ongoing construction costs. In construction management instead of bidding by general contractors, packages of work are bid by individual trades organized by the Township with the construction manager and the design/project consultants. Fig. 1 Typical Construction Management Process and Relationship Advantages of Construction Management ❑ Control over early start construction schedule and start of tendering and work. ❑ Greater control of construction budget (You get what you pay for) ❑ Control of extras and upgrades as they tend not to be over inflated. ❑ More opportunity for local trades to be involved in the project. ❑ Close collaboration and a common goal between Owner's, Consultants & Trades. ❑ Value engineering as the construction process moves forward. Recreation and Community Services May 25, 2015 Report No. RC2015-05 Pe 4 of 7 Page 97 of 101? ❑ Alleviates the risk of epLow BidQconfaqo wqo'is unader thBinbubeqibut fend oecreation "nickel and dime for extras or cut corners in order to cover the shortfall. (Projects tend to cost what they cost and errors can be made during the tender process). ❑ Control the risk of the general contractor not paying sub -trades and completing the project. Disadvantages of Construction Management ❑ Owner takes on more responsibility and is more involved in the project. ❑ General contractor can make a tendering error and come in well under budget. ❑ Insurance is generally procured directly through general contractor. ❑ Owner has relationships at completion with individual trades opposed to one general contractor. In considering both the risk and objectives as they relate to quality, cost, time and scope, construction management provides the Township with an alternative whereby it can better control and manage the project and its risks, and outcomes, particularly given the complexities and the various stakeholders associated with the restoration. Procurement At its meeting of May 7th, 2014 Council passed Motion No. C140507-9 as follows: 1. That, per Motion No. HC140428-5, the recommendation that the Director of Recreation and Community Services be authorized to sole source Victor R. Snow, Heritage Restoration — Project Management & Consulting for the Restoration Services for the Oro African Church be approved. 2. That the provisions of Purchasing By -Law No. 2004-112 be waived. 3. That the Heritage Committee be advised of Council's decision. 4. And That the Director of Recreation and Community Services proceed accordingly. Mr. Snow has indicated that he cannot undertake the work due to other commitments and the Township has since engaged other consultants. Given the revised project approach it is recommended that this motion be rescinded to undertake the work as described herein. Project Governance With the extensive scope and complexities associated with the project, effective project governance is critical to achieving the project objectives. Project governance differs from overall corporate governance as it aligns the project objectives to corporate strategy and provides the management framework for how the project is organized, how decisions are made, outlines accountabilities, and the means by which major project stakeholders exchange timely, relevant and reliable information. Recreation and Community Services May 25, 2015 Report No. RC2015-05 Page 5 of 7 Page 98 of 1009 It is recommended thatf pecjecttstee'ringC o01e5it0 e' be esa�liBhep1b guidehe projeceation... The following structure is recommended: Councillor Jermey Chair, Heritage Committee Councillor Crawford Heritage Committee Mayor Hughes Shawn Binns Director, Recreation and Community Services (Project lead) Bobbi Leppington Chief Building Official Roz Llewellyn Community Recreation Coordinator Samah Othman Corporate Communications Specialist Janie Cooper Wilson Descendent / Historian Craig Sims/Tony Jenkins Heritage Consultants Engineering/Architect (TBD) Community technical representative (TBD) Shernette Martin Vaughan African Canadian Association Heritage Committee Member It is recommended that a terms of reference be brought forward for the proposed steering committee. Policies/Legislation: • Parks Canada Heritage Conservation Guidelines • Bylaw 2004-112 Purchasing Bylaw Corporate Strategic Goals: Financial Sustainability Safe and Healthy Communities Quality of Life Attachments: Letter dated May 4, 2015 from Parks Canada Conclusion: The Oro African Methodist Episcopal Church has local, regional, national and perhaps even international significance. The Church stands as a testament to both the Black Settlers who carefully crafted and cared for it for nearly 75 years and passionate community volunteers who have worked diligently to preserve it since its abandonment in the 1920's. A new chapter, prefaced by the aligned efforts of the community and all levels of Government which came together to raise awareness and funding is about to be undertaken. The proposed approach outlined within this report aims to ensure the church and its story is best preserved for future generations. Recreation and Community Services May 25, 2015 Report No. RC2015-05 Pa e 6 of 7 Page 99 of 100 5.f) Report No. RC2015-05, Shawn Binns, Director, Recreation... Respectfully submitted: Shawn Binn , M, MBA Director, Recreation and Community Services SMT Approval / Comments: C.A.O. Approval / Comments: Recreation and Community Services May 25, 2015 Report No. RC2015-05 Page 7 of 7 Page 100 of 100